Cell Structure Flashcards
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What are the two types of cells?
Eukaryotic- contains a nucleus.
Prokaryotic- does not contain a nucleus and is much smaller.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
How is DNA stored in a prokaryotic cell?
-Plasmids
-Loops
Animal and plant cells
List the components in both plant and animal cells and their functions.
-Nucleus= controls the cell’s activity and contains DNA
-Cytoplasm= site of chemical reactions
-Cell membrane= controls what enters and exits the cell
-Mitochondria= Where respiration happens
-Ribosomes= Protein synthesis
Animal and plant cells
List the additional components in plant cells.
-Cell wall= Extra support
-Vacuole= Contains cell sap, keeps the cell turgid
-Chloroplasts= Photosynthesis
Cell specialisation
What is specialisation?
When cells adapt to perform a specific function.
Cell specialisation
Sperm cell specialisation.
Haploid nucleus- contains genetic information.
Tail- movement.
Mitochondria- provides energy for tail movement.
Acrosome- contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane.
Cell specialisation
Nerve cell specialisation.
Long axon- allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system.
Dendrites- from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands.
Myelin sheath- insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell.
Cell specialisation
Muscle cell specialisation.
Arrangement of protein filaments- allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction.
Mitochondria- provide energy for muscle contraction.
Merged cells in skeletal muscle- allow muscle fibre contraction in unison.
Cell specialisation
Root hair cell specialisation.
Large surface area- absorbs water and nutrients from the surrounding soil.
Thin walls- don’t restrict water absorption.
Cell specialisation
Xylem cell specialisation.
No upper or lower margins between cells- to provide a continuous route for water to flow.
Thick, woody side walls- strengthen their structure and prevent collapse.
Cell specialisation
Phloem cell specialisation.
Sieve plates- let dissolved amino acids and sugars be transported up and down the stems.
Companion cells- provide the energy needed for active transport of substances along the phloem.
Cell differentiation
What is cell differentiation and why is it important?
The process by which cells become specialised. It is important because it allows the production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body.
Cell differentiation
What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals?
Repair and replacement of cells.
Cell differentiation
What changes does a cell go through as it differentiates?
Becomes specialised through acquisition of different sub-cellular structures to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell.
Microscopy
Define magnification.
The number of times bigger an image appears to the size of the real object.