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BIOLOGY > INFECTION AND RESPONSE > Flashcards

INFECTION AND RESPONSE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable disease

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2
Q

What do bacteria do?

A

They are very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside the body
They produce toxins that damage cells and tissues

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3
Q

What do viruses do?

A

They reproduce rapidly in the body
They live inside cells and replicate themselves until the cell bursts and is damaged releasing the virus

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4
Q

What do protists do?

A

Eukaryotes and some are parasites
Parasites live in or on other organisms and cause damage (often transferred by vector)

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5
Q

What does fungi do?

A

They grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants causing diseases

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6
Q

What different ways can pathogens be spread?

A

Water
Air
Direct contact

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7
Q

What is measles?

A

A viral disease which is spread by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Red skin rash
Fever

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9
Q

What is HIV?

A

A virus that spreads by sexual contact or by exchanging bodily fluids
It attacks the immune cells

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-like symptoms

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11
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

A

It causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of plants and some parts become discoloured so it cannot carry out photosynthesis so stunts growth

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12
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

It is a fungal disease that causes purple or black sports to form on the leaves of rose plants
Less photosynthesis so stunts growth

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13
Q

How is rose black spot disease spread?

A

Water or by the wind

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14
Q

What is malaria?

A

A disease caused by a protist
A mosquito is a vector and picks up the protist when they feed on an infected animal
When it feeds on another it infects it by inserting the protists into that animals blood vessels

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Repeating episodes of fever

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16
Q

What is samonella?

A

A bacteria that produces toxins that cause food poisoning

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of samonella?

A

Fever
Stomach cramps
Vomiting
Diarrhoea

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18
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

An STD caused by bacteria (used to be treated with penicillin)

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain when urinating
Thick yellow/green discharge from vagina or penis

20
Q

What can be done to reduce or prevent the spread of disease?

A

Being hygienic
Destroying vectors
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination

21
Q

What does the body do to defend itself?

A

Skin - acts as a barrier to pathogens
Hairs and mucus in nose - traps pathogens
Trachea and bronchi - make mucus to trap pathogens and lined with cilia which waft mucus to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
Stomach - produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

22
Q

How do white blood cells kill pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis - engulf foreign cells and digest them

23
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A

Pathogens have unique molecules on their surfaces called antigens
WBC’s produce proteins called antibodies which lock onto the invading cells antigens to destroy them

24
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A

Pathogens have unique molecules on their surfaces called antigens
WBC’s produce proteins called antibodies which lock onto the invading cells antigens to destroy them

25
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

They inject small amounts of dead/inactive pathogens into the body which causes the production of antibodies so the body already has the correct antibodies if the real pathogen was to enter the body

26
Q

What are the pros of vaccines?

A

Help control lots of communicable diseases
Epidemics can be prevented

27
Q

What are the cons of vaccines?

A

Vaccines don’t always work
Sometimes you can have a bad reaction to them

28
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Drugs that relieve pain but don’t tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens

29
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

They kill the bacteria without killing your own body cells (not viruses)

30
Q

Why don’t antibiotics kill viruses?

A

Viruses reproduce using your body cells so it is hard to create a drug that doesn’t kill the body cells

31
Q

How can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Bacteria can mutate and this can cause them to become resistant to an antibiotic (so only the non-resistant bacteria will be killed and the rest will reproduce etc)

32
Q

What is aspirin and where is it from?

A

Painkiller to lower fever
Willow

33
Q

What is digitalis and where is it from?

A

Treat heart conditions
Foxgloves

34
Q

What are the three main stages in drug testing?

A

Preclinical (tested on human cells and tissues in a lab)
Tested on living animals
Human volunteers

35
Q

What are the stages in human testing?

A

Tested on healthy volunteers to test safety
People with the disease to test efficiency and right dosage ( + placebo)

36
Q

What are antibodies produced by?

A

Lymphocytes (type of WBC)

37
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Produced from lots of clones of a single WBC so they are all identical and can target one specific protein antigen
Lymphocytes don’t divide easily
Fuse tumour cell and B-lymphocyte to create a hybridoma
This clones to get identical cells which will produce the same antibodies (will be purified)

38
Q

What are nitrates needed for in plants?

A

To make proteins so the plant can grow

39
Q

What are magnesium ions needed for in plants?

A

For making chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis

40
Q

What are some common signs that a plant has a disease?

A

Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Patches of decay
Lumps
Malformed leaves/stems
Discolouration

41
Q

How does the waxy cuticle on leaves defend the plant?

A

Provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering

42
Q

How do cells in plants defend themselves?

A

Surrounded by a cell wall made of cellulose which forms a physical barrier

43
Q

How do the stems of a plant defend itself?

A

Layer of dead cells which act as a barrier

44
Q

How do plants defend themselves chemically?

A

Antibacterial chemicals kill bacteria
Some produce poisons

45
Q

How do plants defend themselves mechanically?

A

Some have adapted to have thorns and hairs
Some leaves droop or curl when something touches them
Some can mimic other organisms

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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