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BIOLOGY > BIOENGERNETICS > Flashcards

BIOENGERNETICS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

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2
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and oxygen.

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3
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In chloroplasts.

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4
Q

How do chloroplasts absorb light?

A

They contain a green pigment called chlorophyll that absorb light.

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5
Q

Why do only green plants photosynthesise?

A

Because they have the pigment called chlorophyll.

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6
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

What are the uses of glucose?

A

Respiration
Making cellulose
Making amino acids
Storing oils/fats
Stored as starch

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8
Q

Why is glucose made into cellulose?

A

To make strong cell walls.

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9
Q

How is glucose used for making amino acids?

A

Glucose combines with nitrate ions from soil to make amino acids which are made into proteins.

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10
Q

How is glucose used for storing fats/oils?

A

Glucose is turned into lipids (fats/oils) to store seeds.

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11
Q

How is glucose stored as starch?

A

Glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves ready for when photosynthesis isn’t happening (e.g. winter). It is insoluble which makes it better for storing glucose.

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12
Q

What will a cell with lots of glucose do?

A

Draw in lots of water and swell up (that is why glucose is sometimes stored as starch as it is insoluble).

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13
Q

What are the limiting factors of the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature, carbon dioxide, light and amount of chlorophyll.

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14
Q

How does light affect photosynthesis?

A

Light provides energy for photosynthesis to occur. If there is not much light then the rate of photosynthesis will decrease.

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15
Q

How does the amount of chlorophyll affect photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll is the green pigment needed for photosynthesis. If there is less chlorophyll then photosynthesis is happening at a slower rate because they cant absorb as much light. The amount of chlorophyll can be affected by disease such as tobacco mosaic virus (lack of nutrients and environmental stress).

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16
Q

Explain how, to a point, light intensity won’t increase photosynthesis.

A

Beyond a certain point, light intensity will not increase photosynthesis because there is another limiting factor (carbon dioxide or temp).

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17
Q

How does carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide is a material needed for photosynthesis to occur. If there is not much carbon dioxide then the rate of photosynthesis will decrease.

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18
Q

How does a low temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

If the temp is too low it can decrease the rate of photosynthesis as the enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly at a lower temp.

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19
Q

How does a high temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

However, if the temp is too high, the enzymes needed for photosynthesis can get too hot and become denatured/damaged.

20
Q

What temp does an enzyme denature in a plant (photosynthesis)?

A

45 degrees C

21
Q

What variables should you control when testing the affect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature and time.

22
Q

What apparatus should you use to investigate the affect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light source
Ruler to measure distance
Syringe to measure oxygen
Capillary tube

23
Q

What is the inverse square law that links light intensity and distance?
= is proportion symbol

A

Light intensity = 1
—————-
distance squared

24
Q

How do you artificially create the ideal conditions for farming in a greenhouse?

A

Greenhouses help to trap suns heat and light so they aren’t limiting factors.
In the winter a heater could be used.
In the summer a ventilation system could be used.
Increase carbon dioxide levels (paraffin heater).
Artificial light in the winter.
Keeping plants in greenhouse reduces risk of disease and pests.
Fertilisers in soil for more minerals.

25
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose. It is a chemical reaction that happens in all cells.

26
Q

What are some examples of how organisms use energy from respiration?

A

To keep their bodies warm
To allow muscles to contract

27
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is all the reactions in an organism.

28
Q

What are chemical reactions controlled by?

A

Enzymes.

29
Q

What can chemical reactions do to molecules?

A

They can make smaller molecules from larger ones and vice versa.

30
Q

Give examples of smaller molecules being made into larger ones(respiration)?

A

Lots of small glucose molecules join together to form starch (storage for plants), cellulose (for cell walls) and lipids.

31
Q

Give examples of larger molecules being broken down into smaller ones (respiration)?

A

Glucose is broken down in respiration and transfers energy to power all reactions in the body. Excess protein is also broken down to produce urea (urine).

32
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using oxygen.

33
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

34
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration without oxygen.

35
Q

What is the word equation for anerobic respiration?

A

glucose —> lactic acid

36
Q

What is glucose (symbol equation)?

A

C6H12O6

37
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration happen?

A

During exercise, sometimes your body cannot supply enough oxygen to your muscles so anaerobic respiration takes place.

38
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration not as efficient as aerobic?

A

Because it does not transfer nearly as much energy as the glucose is not fully oxidised (does not combine with oxygen).

39
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

Plants and glucose can respire without oxygen but produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

40
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration word equation for plants and yeast?

A

glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

41
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast called?

A

Fermentation.

42
Q

What makes bread rise?

A

The carbon dioxide from fermentation of yeast.

43
Q

What makes the alcohol in beer and wine?

A

Alcohol comes from the fermentation of yeast.

44
Q

What happens when you exercise (respiration)?

A

When you exercise, your muscles need oxygen to contract.
Increased respiration can get more oxygen to them.
Breath rate and volume increases as well as heart rate to get more oxygenated blood to the muscles.
When you do vigorous exercise, your body cannot supply your muscles with enough oxygen so it starts working anaerobically.
Lactic acid builds up or muscles get tired.

45
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells. Your body has to repay the oxygen it couldn’t get to your muscles in time so anaerobic respiration happened. This is why you keep breathing hard after you stopping exercising.

46
Q

What happens after you stop exercising?

A

Your heart and breathing rate stay high as well as high levels of lactic acid and carbon dioixde because of oxygen debt.

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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