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BIOLOGY > CELL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of cell doesn’t have a nucleus?

A

Prokaryote

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2
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains genetic material that controls activities in the cell

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3
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Where most of the chemical reactions happen (contains enzymes)

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4
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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5
Q

What do the mitochondria do?

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs so energy is transferred (powerhouse of the cell)

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6
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

Where proteins are made

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7
Q

What does a rigid cell wall do?

A

Made of cellulose and supports/strengthens the cell

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8
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Contain cell sap (weak solution of sugar and salts)

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9
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for plants (contains green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs light)

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10
Q

What don’t bacteria have?

A

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Chloroplasts

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11
Q

What do bacteria cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

A singular stand of DNA that freely floats in the cytoplasm (+ plasmids small rings of DNA)

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12
Q

What type of cell is bacteria?

A

Prokaryote

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13
Q

What are light microscopes?

A

Use light and lenses to form an image
We can see individual cells and large subcellular structures

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14
Q

What are electron microscopes?

A

Use electrons
Have a much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes

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15
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Image size / real size

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16
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When a cell changes to become specialised for its job
They develop different subcellular structures to carry out of different functions

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17
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells

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18
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To get the male DNA to the female DNA
Long tail and streamlined heard to swim to the egg
Lots of mitochondria for energy
Enzymes in head to digest through the egg cell membrane

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19
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

To carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
Long to cover more distance
Branched connections to connect with other nerve cells

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20
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

To contract quickly
Long so they have space to contract
Lots of mitochondria to generate lots of energy to contract

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21
Q

What is the function of root hair cells?

A

To absorb water and minerals
Big surface area for absorbing nutrients from the soil

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22
Q

What are the functions of phloem and xylem cells?

A

To transport food and water around plants
Xylem cells are hollow and phloem cells have very few subcellular structures so stuff can flow through them

23
Q

What are chromosomes and where are they found?

A

They are coiled up lengths of DNA found in the nucleus

24
Q

What do genes do and where are they found?

A

They control the development of different characteristics and are found in chromosomes

25
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

26
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When body cells divide to produce new cells

27
Q

Why does mitosis take place?

A

To grow and replace cells that have been damaged

28
Q

What is produced after the cell cycle?

A

Two new daughter cells are formed identical to the original cell with the same number of chromosomes in each

29
Q

What happens in the growth and DNA replication stage of the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and increases the amount of subcellular structures it has
It then duplicates its DNA (forms x-shaped chromosomes)

30
Q

What happens during mitosis in the cell cycle?

A

Chromosomes line up a the centre and cell fibres pull them apart (split a pair of chromosomes into two) to different sides of the cell
Membranes form around the new set of chromosomes
Then the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

31
Q

What is binary fission?

A

When a prokaryotic cell splits in two

32
Q

What happens during binary fission?

A

DNA and plasmids replicate
Cell gets bigger and DNA strands move to opposite sides of the cell
Cytoplasm divides
New cell walls form
Two daughter cells are produced

33
Q

What is a cultured medium?

A

An environment where a bacteria has all the carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and vitamins it needs to grow

34
Q

Where are most stem cells found in adults?

A

Bone marrow

35
Q

What is the difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells can’t turn into any type of cells only certain ones like red blood cells

36
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research?

A

Kills the embryo

37
Q

How can stem cells produce identical plants?

A

In the meristems stem cells are found and they can produce clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply

38
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The gradual movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along the concentration gradient (passive)

39
Q

Why does diffusion happen in liquids and gases?

A

Because the particles are free to move

40
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Higher temp means faster diffusion rate because the particles have more energy so they are moving around faster

41
Q

What can diffusion do?

A

Move dissolved substances through cell membranes and into a cell

42
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The bigger the surface area the more particles can go through at once so increased rate of diffusion

43
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the concentration gradient (passive)

44
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane with very small holes in it

45
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high against the concentration gradient (active)

46
Q

How do root hair cells use active transport?

A

Because there is a higher concentration of minerals (molecules) in the root hair cell, to absorb more minerals they have to travel against the concentration gradient
Needs energy from respiration

47
Q

How do we use active transport in our body?

A

Nutrients (glucose) from the gut are taken into the blood where there is a higher concentration of nutrients (can happen both ways D or AT)

48
Q

How does urine and diffusion relate?

A

Urea diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for removal by the kidneys

49
Q

What is the difference between single-cellular organisms surface area and multi-cellular organisms?

A

Single-cellular organisms have a larger surface area so more substances can diffuse into the cell

50
Q

What are exchange surfaces adapted for diffusion/active transport?

A

Thin membrane so substances only have to diffuse in a short distance
Large surface area so lots of the substance can diffuse at once

51
Q

How are the alveoli fit for diffusion?

A

Large surface area
Moist lining for dissolving gases
Thin walls so less distance
Good blood supply

52
Q

How are villi in the small intestine fit for diffusion?

A

Large surface area so digested food is absorbed into the blood more quickly

53
Q

How do plants diffuse carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

A

Underneath the leaf there is an exchange surface
Holes called stomata with guard cells
Flattened shape of the leaf increases area

BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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