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Infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that cause infectious disease
Can infect plant or animals and can be spread by water or direct contact
can be reduced by hygiene

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2
Q

What does bacterial cells do?

A

damage cells directly or produce toxins that damage tissues

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3
Q

What are viral pathogens?

A

reproduce rapidly in body cells causing damage to cells

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4
Q

What is a Protist?

A

single cell organisms, eukaryotic

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5
Q

What are rose black spots/How do they spread?

A

fungal disease

spread when spores are carried from plant to plant by water and wind

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6
Q

How does the skin stop dieses coming into our body?

A

forms a protective layer covering the body
Outer layer of skin consists of dead cells and is difficult for pathogens to penetrate
Produces sebum which kills bacteria
skin scabs over to prevent pathogens entering

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7
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Destroys pathogens and any toxin they produce

Protects us in case the same pathogen invades again in the future

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8
Q

What is the difference between antibodies and anti toxins?

A

ANTIBODIES-protein molecules produced by white blood cells

ANTITOXINS-anti toxins can stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells

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9
Q

How does the stomach prevent pathogens?

A

contains hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens before they can make their way further down the digestive system

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10
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Vaccination involves small quantities of dead/inactive (It cannon lead to disease in the patient) forms of pathogen into the body

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11
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

ANTIBIOTICS-Medicines to kill bacteria in the human body without harming body cells but doesn’t kill the virus
-Specific antibiotics for specific bacteria

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12
Q

What are the variables for the practicals for germinated seeds/

A

CV-Volume Of Water,type of seed,number of seedlings
IV-Light Intensity
DV-height of the seedlings

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13
Q

What is the monoclonal antibodies process?

A

When injected with antigen lymphocytes will produce antibodies against antigens
*collect the lymphocytes from the mouse
*Lymphocytes and tumour cell fuse together=hybridoma
produce antibodies and divide by mitosis
to form a clone of identical hybridoma cells

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14
Q

What is TMV?

A

TOBACO MOSAIC VIRUS (TMV)

  • affects tomatoes and tobacco plants
  • causes the leaves to discolour in a mosaic pattern
  • Reduced photosynthesis and lack of growth
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15
Q

How do you identify a disease?

A

Garden manual
take the infected plant to a lab
testing kit which has monoclonal antibodies

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16
Q

How does nitrate deficiency affect a plant?

A

Causes stunted growth because nitrate is needed for protein synthesis

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17
Q

What are the physical defenses of a plant?

A
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • waxy cuticle on the leaves
  • Layer of dead cells around stems (bark) as it ages it fall off taking the pathogens with them
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18
Q

What is salmonella/How is it prevented?

A

food poisoning caused by bacteria

Chicken and egg contain salmonella so chickens are vaccinated

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19
Q

What is Gonorrhea?

A

It is a sexually transmitted disease by bacteria which is spread by sexual contact

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20
Q

What causes salmonella?

A

The bacteria is ingested in the food which may happened because it has not been cooked properly or in hygienic conditions

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21
Q

What is the difference between the symptoms of gonorrhea and salmonella?

A

salmonella-secrets toxins and causes fever as well as vomiting
gonorrhea-thick yellow ,green discharge from the vagina or penis when urinating

22
Q

How is Gonorrhea treated?

A

treated with penicillin

barrier method to prevent the spread of bacteria

23
Q

What are measles and how do you identify measles?

A

caused by a virus

symptoms are fever and red skin rash

24
Q

How are measles spread/How do you prevent it?

A

spread by breathing in droplets of sneeze and coughs

vaccinated again measles

25
Q

How are HIVS caused?

A

HIV-caused by aids

spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids(using same needles)

26
Q

What are the symptoms for HIIV?

A

symptoms are flu-like illness and if not treated virus enters lymph nodes and attacks body immune cells

27
Q

How do you prevent hiv/what happens if you ignore it?

A

Take antiviral drugs

late stage of hiv is when body immune system cant fight infections

28
Q

What causes malaria?

A

caused by protists

use particular type of mosquito

29
Q

How is malaria passed on/How do you prevent malaria?

A

passed on to a person when bitten

prevent malaria is to try to stop getting bitten

30
Q

What is the symptom for malaria?

A

causes serve fever and can reoccur

31
Q

How do you spot a rose black spot?

A

purple/black spots on leaves which turn yellow and drop early
loss of leaves will stunt growth because photosynthesis is reduced

32
Q

How are rose black spots treated?

A

treated by fungicides and removing affected leaves

33
Q

What are aphids?

A

small insects that feed from the phloem taking sugar away from the plant

34
Q

How does our nose stop pathogens?

A

contains hair and mucus this traps pathogens before they enter the breathing system

35
Q

What are the steps for phagocytosis?

A

pathogen is surrounded, engulfed and digested

1) White blood cell detects chemical released from the pathogen and moves towards it
2) white blood cells then ingests the pathogen
3) White blood cells uses enzymes to destroy pathogens

36
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

1)Antibodies stick to the pathogens this triggers pathogens to be destroyed
Antibodies are specific EG. if a person gets measles they will develop antibodies against measles but them antibodies will only protect against measles virus and not other infections
-antibodies remain in the blood for a long time so they can protect us if we get infected again with the same pathogen

37
Q

How does the lungs prevent pathogens?

A

trachea and bronchi is covered with tiny hairs called cilia (covered in mucus) to stop pathogens
cilia wafts the mucus upwards towards the throat were it is swallowed into the stomach

38
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A
  • White blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies against the dead/inactive pathogen
  • At the same time the white blood cells divides by mitosis to produce lots of copies of itself
39
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

overused so bacteria had evolved so that they were no longer killed with antibiotics

40
Q

What mistakes are made with the practical of germinated seeds?

A

don’t not cut the tip off the shoot that is were auxin is produced
don’t overwater your plants

41
Q

What are the first steps to germinate new seeds?

A

1) Place cotton wool in 3 petri dishes and then soak them with equal volume of water
2) Place 10 mustard seeds in each petri dish

42
Q

What conditions does the seeds have to be placed in?

A

3)Leave the dishes in a warm place and allow the seeds to germinate
4)Water the seeds everyday
with the same volume of water make sure the the 3 dishes have the same number of seedlings

43
Q

Where do the 3 dishes need to be placed?

A

5)Measure the height of each seedlings now place the three dishes in different conditions
6)1 dish-full sunlight
2nd dish-partial sunlight
3rd dish-darkness

44
Q

What do you do at the end of the practical/

A

7) Measure the height of each seedlings everyday for at least 5 consecutive days and record the results
8) Record the mean seedling and draw a diagram to show the effect of different light intensity.

45
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

A

used in pregnancy test and to treat some disease

46
Q

What are the signs that a plant may have a disease?

A

Discolouration
Stunted growth
Area of decay
Spots on leaves

47
Q

How does magnesium deficiency affect a plant?

A

Causes chlorosis because magnesium ions need to make chlorophyll

48
Q

What are the chemical defenses of a plant?

A
  • Antibacterial chemical, kills bacteria

- Release poisons to deter herbivores

49
Q

What are the mechanical defenses of a plat?

A

sharp thorn or hair

-leaves droop or curl when touched this is not usual so animals don’t go near the plant

50
Q

What id mimicry/What type of defense is it?

A

mechanical defense
Mimicry to trick animals to stop them laying eggs on leaves EG. white dead nettles does not sting but they look like stinging nettles

Biology (7 decks)

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