Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main things in a animal cell/what are they functions?

A

Nucleus-which control the activities of the cell and contains the genetic material
cell membrane-control the passage of substance in and out the cell

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2
Q

What does plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t have?

A

Plant cells have everything an animal call has
cell wall-made of cellulose and strengthens the wall
Permanent vacuole-filled with cell sap which supports the plant
Chloroplast-absorbs light to make food by photosynthesis

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3
Q

Describe the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacterial cell
small in size
genetic material is NOT enclosed in a nucleus
Genetic material is a single DNA loop and there maybe one or small ring of DNA called plasmids
don’t contain mitochondria or chloroplast

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4
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

plant,animal and fungal cell

Eukaryotic have their genetic material enclosed in a nuclease

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5
Q

What roles does the bacteria cell take over?

A

Come in different shapes

In a bacterial cell the roles of mitochondria and chloroplast are taken over by the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is the standard form for mm & cm?

A

UNITS STANDARD FORM
centimetres (cm)–100– 1 x 10 2
milimetres(mm)–1000– 1 x 10 3

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7
Q

What is magnification and what is the equation?

A

magnification is how many times larger the image is than the real object

MAGNIFICATION=SIZE OF IMAGE/SIZE OF REAL OBJECT

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8
Q

Explain diffusion and give an example?

A

diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of high conc to a low conc
EG. urea diffuses from the cell into the blood plasma for excretion by the kidney

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9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water from a dilute(mainly water) solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane (some molecules to pass trough)
moves down conc gradient

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10
Q

What is active transport?

A

active transport moves substances against a concentration gradient from and area of low concentration to a high concentration and this requires respiration

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11
Q

Use a light microscope to observe and label animal and plant cells

A

METHOD

1) Place a tissue sample on the slide
2) add a few drops of suitable stain
3) lower a coverslip onto the tissue
4) place the slide on the microscope stage and focus on the cells using a low power
5) Change to high power and refocus
6) Draw the cell that can be seen
7) Add a scale line to the diagram

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12
Q

How do you calculate % mass?/how do you plot the change?

A

4) Calculate percentage mass change= change in mass of potato/initial mass of potato x 100
4) Plot the % change in mass against conc of sugar if the mass has gained plot above 0 % if it lost mass but it below the 0%

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13
Q

Why are plasmids in a bacterial cell?

A
  • Plasmid are circles of DNA
  • can be transferred from one cell to another
  • allow genes to move from one cell to another
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14
Q

What is chromosomal DNA/what does the flagella do in the bacterial cell?

A
  • Chromosomal DNA is the DNA of bacteria which is not found within a nucleus and is usually found as one circular chromosome
  • Flagella is a tail like structure that rotates to help some bacteria to move
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15
Q

What are the factors that affect diffusion?

A
  • difference in concentration- greater the conc gradient faster the rate of diffusion
  • higher temp faster rate of diffusion
  • large surface area, greater rate of diffusion
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16
Q

Describe the water movement in an plant and animal cell?

A

when water moves in an animal cell the cell will expand and burst
BUT in plant cell it will be swollen (turgid) and not burst because it has a cell wall
when water is going out the animal cell it shrinks because it is in a very concentrated solution
but water is going out the plant cell because it is in a concentrated solution

17
Q

What does active transport allow?

A

Active transport allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from low conc in the gut into the blood which has a high conc
in plants it allows mineral ions to be absorbed into the plant root hairs from a very dilute solution in the soil.

18
Q

In the potato practical how do you get the cylinder shape?

A

1) Use a cork borer to get a cylinder potatoes shape this ensure they are all the same diameter then use a scalpel to trim the cylinders at the same length

19
Q

What do you do after you cut the potatoes?

A

2)measure the mass with the balance and the length with the ruler
Place cylinder in different concentration of sugar solution and label them you also put one cylinder in distilled water

20
Q

What are the variable for the potato practical?

A

IV-conc of sugar solution
CV-the temp, the length of potatoes
DV-change in mass of the potatoes

21
Q

What common mistake happens when you squeeze to much moisture out?

A

3)after 30 mins remove cylinder on a paper towel (removes moisture) and measure their mass and length again
squeezing too much moisture out will affect the amount of water lost and make your results invalid

22
Q

Where does chemical reactions&aerobic respiration take place in an animal cell?

A

cytoplasm-chemical reaction takes place mitochondria-where aerobic respiration takes place

23
Q

What is a ribosome/what cell contains ribosomes?

A

ribosomes-where proteins are made

animal cell

24
Q

What is the standard form for um &nm?

A

UNITS STANDARD FORM
micrometres(um)–1000,000–1 x 10 6
nanometres(nm)– 1000,000,000– 1 x10 9

25
Q

What is mitosis/what does it need before it can divide?

A

mitosis is when the cell divides into 2 identical cells

It need sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria

26
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

Growth and development for multicellular organisms
Repairing damage tissues
Asexual reproduction

27
Q

What is the process of mitosis?

A

Parent cell with 2 pairs of chromosomes replicate itself
one set of chromosomes is pulled by spindle fibers to each end of the cell
nuclease divides
cell membrane and cytoplasm divides to form 2 identical daughter cells

28
Q

What does undifferentiated stem cell mean?

A

not yet become specialised so they can divide to form different type of cells

29
Q

What is the difference of an embryonic stem cells &adult stem cell?

A

Embryonic are in the umbilical cord of a new born baby and can make any type of cell
adult stem cells are found in bone marrow and can only make certain type of cells and have a limit to divide

30
Q

Why is an electronic microscope better then a light microscope?

A

An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving
power than a light microscope. This means that it can be used to
study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and
understand many more sub-cellular structures.

31
Q

What conditions does bacteria need to multiply?

A

Bacteria multiply by simple cell division (binary fission) as often as once every 20 minutes if they have enough nutrients and a suitable temperature.

32
Q

How do you sterilise the inoculating loop and why does it need sterilising?

A

Bacteria can be grown in a nutrient broth solution or as colonies on an agar gel plate.
-Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised before use to kill unwanted microorganisms
• inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame

33
Q

What do you do after sterilising the loop?

A
  • cooled inoculating loop is used to transfer bacteria to the agar
    • the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape and stored upside down
    • in school laboratories, cultures should generally be incubated at 25°C.
34
Q

What are the conversions

A

1m x1000 1000mm
1mm x1000 1000micrometre
1 micrometre x1000 1000nm

35
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Water entered via osmosis from a dilute solution in the
test tube to a more concentrated solution inside the
potato cylinder via a partially permeable membrane

36
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

when the solute and solvent has similar conc so the mass stays the same

37
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

outside of the cell has a high solute concentration and low solvent concentration compared to inside the cell and water will go out the body and into the solution making it decrease the mass