Infection and Response

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

Question 2

What are the harmful chemicals that bacteria release?

Answer 2

Toxins

Question 3

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 3

They cannot reproduce themselves so they reproduce inside a host cell

Question 4

How are pathogens spread?

Answer 4

In water, in the air, direct contact (sex/sharing the same needle)

Question 5

How do you reduce the spread of pathogens?

Answer 5

Taking care of basic hygiene, drink clean water, reduce direct contact (condoms during sexual intercourse), vaccinations, isolating patients with highly communicable diseases

Question 6

An example of a viral disease:

Answer 6

Measles or HIV/AIDS

Question 7

An example of a bacterial disease:

Answer 7

Salmonella or STD eg gonorrhea

Question 8

An example of a protist disease:

Answer 8

Malaria

Question 9

What is the job of the non specific defence systems?

Answer 9

Prevents pathogens from entering the body

Question 10

Name the 4 non specific defence systems in the body..

Answer 10

Skin, nose, lungs, stomach

Question 11

How does the skin protect the body from pathogens?

Answer 11

Forms a protective layer

Question 12

How does the nose protect the body from pathogens?

Answer 12

Contains hair and mucus

Question 13

How does the lungs protect the body from pathogens?

Answer 13

Bronchi and Trachea is covered in cilia

Question 14

How does the stomach protect the body from pathogens?

Answer 14

Contains hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

Question 15

How does the immune system protect us from disease and infection?

Answer 15

Destroys pathogens and toxins, and protects us if the same type of pathogen was to invade again

Question 16

How does white blood cells destroy pathogens?

Answer 16

Phagocytosis, making antibodies, producing antitoxins

Question 17

What are anti-bodies?

Answer 17

Protein molecules produced by white blood cells

Question 18

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 18

The process by which white blood cells ingest and destroy pathogens with enzymes

Question 19

Name two diseases that effect plants

Answer 19

Tobacco-Mosaic Virus and Rose Black Spot

Question 20

How does the Tobacco Mosaic Virus infect the plant?

Answer 20

Causes discolouring in the leaves in a mosaic pattern

Question 21

How does the Rose Black Spot Fungus infect the plant?

Answer 21

Causes the leaves to develop black and purple spots, which eventually turn yellow and fall off

Question 22

How can we treat Rose Black Spot?

Answer 22

Spraying the plant with fungicides or removing the infected leaves and destroying them

Question 23

What things do you look for when diagnosing a plant?

Answer 23

discolouration, spots, deformation, stunted growth, decay/rot, growths

Question 24

What ions can plants be deficient in?

Answer 24

Nitrate and magnesium

Question 25

What are the three plant defence responses?

Answer 25

Chemical, Mechanical, Physical

Question 26

Name two physical plant defences

Answer 26

Cellulose cell wall, waxy cuticle layer, bark on trees

Question 27

Name two chemical plant defence responses

Answer 27

Antibacterial chemicals, poisons

Question 28

Name two mechanical plant defence responses

Answer 28

Hairs, sharp thorns, mimickery, leaves that curl

Question 29

What is herd immunity?

Answer 29

When a group of people are vaccinated so unvaccinated people are less likely to be attacked by the pathogen

Question 30

What is the role of an antibiotic?

Answer 30

Kill infective bacteria

Question 31

Where is an antibiotic produced?

Answer 31

In white blood cells called lymphocytes

Question 32

What is the term used for something that is detected as foreign in the body?

Answer 32

Antigen

Question 33

Examples of when monoclonal antibodies are used

Answer 33

Pregnancy test kits, measuring hormone levels, detecting specific pathogens, locating molecules in tissue/cells, treating diseases

Question 34

What is the issue with the use of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 34

It produces harmful side effects