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Veterinary Microbiology > Infection and Pathogenicity > Flashcards

Infection and Pathogenicity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a host?

A

a larger organism that supports the survival and growth of a smaller organism

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2
Q

what is a parasite?

A

live on or within a host organism and are metabolically dependent on the host

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3
Q

what is it called when a microorganism is growing and multiplying within/on a host?

A

infection

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4
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

any parasitic organism causing an infectious disease

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5
Q

what does a primary pathogen do?

A

causes disease by direct interaction with healthy host

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6
Q

describe an opportunistic pathogen

A

may be part of normal flora and causes disease when it has gained access to other tissue sites or host is immunocompromised

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7
Q

what is the name for the ability of a parasite to cause disease?

A

pathogenicity

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8
Q

what are infections passes from animals to humans?

A

zoonoses

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9
Q

what is the natural environmental location in which the pathogen normally resides called?

A

reservoir

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10
Q

give 4 examples of reservoirs

A
  1. animals
  2. soil
  3. water
  4. humans
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11
Q

what are objective changes in the body that can be directly observed?

A

signs

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12
Q

what are symptoms?

A

subjective changes experienced by patient

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13
Q

what is a disease syndrome?

A

a set of characteristic signs and symptoms

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14
Q

what is virulence?

A

the degree or intensity of pathogenicity

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15
Q

what 2 things must a pathogen do to cause disease?

A
  1. contact the host

2. survive!

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16
Q

what 3 things does a pathogen need to survive on or within a host?

A
  1. a suitable environment
  2. a source of nutrients
  3. protection from harmful elements
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17
Q

what poses a an issue with the fact that a pathogen needs a source of nutrients to survive on or within a host?

A

the pathogen is in competition with eukaryotic host cells

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18
Q

what allow a pathogen to outcompete host cells and resist their defenses?

A

virulence factors

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19
Q

what are virulence factors?

A

encoded in microbial chromosome, can occur as pathogenicity islands

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20
Q

where are pathogenicity islands found?

A

in genetic material

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21
Q

what do pathogenicity islands do?

A

increase virulence

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22
Q

are pathogenicity islands found in the nonpathogenic members of a species?

A

nope

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23
Q

what is incubation period?

A

the period after pathogen entry but before signs and symptoms

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24
Q

what is the prodromal stage?

A

onset of signs and symptoms

“I think I’m starting to get sick”

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25
Q

are signs in the prodromal stage clear enough for diagnosis?

A

nope, just very general

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26
Q

describe the period of illness stage in an infectious disease

A

disease is most severe, distinct signs and symptoms

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27
Q

what happens in the convalescence period of an infectious illness?

A

signs and symptoms being to disappear

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28
Q

what are the 4 stages during the course of an infectious illness?

A

incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence

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29
Q

what do virulence factors do?

A

determine the degree to which the pathogen causes damage, invasion, and infectivity

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30
Q

virulence is determined in part by a pathogen’s ability to do what? (5)

A
  1. survive outside the host
  2. adhere to and colonize the host
  3. disseminate through host tissues
  4. toxogenicity
  5. resist host defenses
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31
Q

what does evidence suggest about the link between mode of transmission of a pathogen and its degree of virulence?

A
  1. direct contact = less virulent

2. vector-borne = highly virulent in human host, relatively benign in vector

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32
Q

what does a greater ability to survive outside a host suggest about the virulence of a pathogen

A

more virulent if can survive outside host for long time

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33
Q

is transmission alone enough for infection to occur? if no, what else must also take place?

A

tropism

34
Q

what is tropism?

A

pathogen must make direct contact with appropriate host tissue

35
Q

what determines tropism?

A

specific cell surface receptors

36
Q

what are the 5 main modes of pathogen transmission?

A
  1. airborne
  2. contact
  3. vehicle
  4. vector borne
  5. vertical
37
Q

describe airborne transmission

A

pathogen suspended in air and travels at least 1 meter

38
Q

what are droplet nuclei? (4)

A
  1. small particles (1-4 um in diameter)
  2. can remain airborne for a long time
  3. can travel long distances
  4. usually propelled from respiratory tract of cource organisms by sneezing, coughing, or vocalization
39
Q

what is another important route of airborne transmission other than droplet nuclei? how does it work?

A

dust; microbes attach to the particles and go for a ride

40
Q

describe contact transmission

A

coming together or touchng of source/reservoir and host

41
Q

what are the 3 types of contact transmission

A
  1. direct contact (person to person)
  2. indirect contact
  3. droplet spread
42
Q

describe direct contact transmission

A

physical interaction between source/reservoir and host

43
Q

give 3 examples of direct contact

A
  1. kissing
  2. touching
  3. sexual contact
44
Q

describe indirect contact transmission

A

involves an intermediate (usually inanimate)

45
Q

give 3 examples of indirect contact

A

eating, utensil, bedding (FOMITES!)

46
Q

describe droplet direct contact spread

A

LARGE particles (greater than 5um) that travel LESS than 1 meter

47
Q

what are vehicles in transmission?

A

inanimate materials or objects involved in pathogen transmission

48
Q

describe common vehicle transmission

A

single vehicle spreads pathogen to multiple hosts

49
Q

give an example of common vehicle transmission

A

water and food

50
Q

what are fomites?

A

common vehicles such as surgical instruments, bedding, and eating utensils

51
Q

between what 2 types of tranmission is there overlap in that they both involve fomites?

A

indirect contact and vehicle transmission

52
Q

what are the 2 types of vector borne transmission?

A
  1. external (mechanical) transmission

2. internal transmission

53
Q

describe external (mechanical) vector borne transmission

A

passive carriage of pathogen on body of vector

54
Q

is there growth of pathogen during external (mechanical) vector borne transmission?

A

no

55
Q

describe internal vector borne transmission

A

pathogen carried withIN vector

56
Q

what are the 2 types of internal vector borne transmission? describe

A
  1. harborage transmission: pathogen does not undergo changes within vector
  2. biologic transmission: pathogen undergoes changes within vector
57
Q

when does vertical transmission occur?

A

when the unborn child acquires a pathogen from an infected mother

58
Q

is vertical transmission as common as horizontal transmission?

A

no; it’s actually the least common mode of transmission

59
Q

what is it called when babies are born with an infectious disease?

A

congenital disease

60
Q

what are examples of congenital disease spread by vertical transmission? (4)

A
  1. gonorrhea (especially in the eyes)
  2. herpes
  3. german measles (rubella)
  4. toxoplasmosis
61
Q

what type of transmission is most effective in causing outbreaks and why? (2 good answers, explain both)

A
  1. airborne, because it does not require direct contact but can overlap with indirect contact (by sneezing on things) or
  2. vector borne, because it can live for a longer time in multiple hosts, making it harder to eradicate (this one is really effective)
62
Q

pathogens transmitted by which mechanism might be the most easily controlled and eliminated? why?

A
  1. direct contact; can’t live long outsdie the host

2. vehicle transmitted diseases: good cleaning helps control

63
Q

describe the cycle of transmission that occurs in a pathogen with a reservoir and a separate host

A

pathogen is in reservoir (soil, humans, animals, food. etc.), then leaves the reservoir through a portal of exit, then utilizes its own mode of transmission to access the portal of entry into the susceptible host to cause disease

64
Q

how does a pathogen initiate disease?

A

through adhesion and invasion factors

65
Q

what does entry and adhesion do for a pathogen?

A

establishes colonization

66
Q

describe entry of a pathogen, and what must happen next

A

through a portal of entry, then pathogen must attach

67
Q

list 4 possible portals of entry for a pathogen

A
  1. respiratory tract
  2. GI tract
  3. urogenital
  4. skin
68
Q

what are the 2 types of adherence by pathogens?

A
  1. non-specific, reversable binding

2. specific, permanent binding

69
Q

what 2 aspects of a pathogen help it cause damage to a host?

A
  1. virulence factors

2. toxins

70
Q

what are toxins?

A

biological poisons

71
Q

give 4 structures that pathogens can have that aid in attachment

A
  1. pili
  2. fimbriae
  3. specialized proteins
  4. capsule materials (ex. slime layer)
72
Q

what are the 3 types of toxins?

A
  1. exotoxins
  2. endotoxins
  3. mycotoxins
73
Q

describe exotoxins (2)

A
  1. released into the host tissue as the bacterial pathogen metabolizes
  2. travel from site of infection to other tissue or target cells
74
Q

what are endotoxins found on?

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide Lipid S)

75
Q

when are endotoxins released?

A

when the microorganism is lysed

76
Q

what are mycotoxins produced by?

A

fungi

77
Q

what are the 7 methods used by pathogens to accomplish host evasion/survive host defense?

A
  1. genetic changes
  2. biofilm formation
  3. capsule types (slime layers)
  4. degrade host immunoglobulins
  5. specialized proteins to hide or avoid detection
  6. removal of O side chain to hide or avoid detection
  7. fuse into host cells and hide
78
Q

what type of host evasion/survival tactic does Staph a utulize heavily?

A

specialized proteins to hide or avoid detection

79
Q

how does gonorrhea evade host detection/survive?

A

does not have O side chain so is harder to recognize

80
Q

name 2 microorganisms whose method of evading/surving in the host is fusing into host cells to hide

A
  1. HIV

2. measles

Veterinary Microbiology (11 decks)

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