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Veterinary Microbiology > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major function of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. recognize nonself/foreign
  2. respond to nonself
  3. remember nonself
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2
Q

what are the 2 aspects of the respond to nonself response of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. effector response

2. anamnestic response

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3
Q

describe the effector response of the respond to nonself function of adaptive immunity?

A

eliminates or renders foreign material harmless

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4
Q

describe the anamnestic response of the respondto nonself function of adaptive immunity

A

upon second encounter with the same pathogen, the immune system mounts a faster andmore intense response

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5
Q

where do the B and T cells of the adaptive immune system initially arise?

A

both in bone marrow

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6
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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7
Q

where to T cells mature?

A

move from bone marrow to Thymus

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8
Q

what do B and T cells go through during maturation and why?

A

extensive screening to avoid self-reactivity

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9
Q

what are the 4 characterisitcs of specific/adaptive immunity?

A
  1. discrimination between self and nonself
  2. diversity
  3. specificity
  4. memory
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10
Q

describe the discrimination aspect of specific/adaptive immunity?

A

usually responds selectively to non-self, producing specific responses against the stimulus

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11
Q

describe the diversity aspect of specific/adaptive immunity

A

generates enormous diversity of molecules against all types of pathogens in contact with

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12
Q

describe the specificity aspect of specific/adaptive immunity

A

can be directed against one specific pathogen or foreign substance among trillions

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13
Q

describe the memory aspect of specific/adaptive immunity

A

response to a second exposure to a pathogen is so fast that there is no noticeable pathogenesis

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14
Q

what are the 2 types of specific immunity based on mediation?

A
  1. humoral immunity

2. cellular immunity

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15
Q

what is humoral specific immunity also called? what is it based on?

A

antibody-mediated immunity, based on antibody activity

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16
Q

what is cellular specific immunity also called? what is it based on?

A

cell-mediated immunity, based on action of specific kinds of T lymphocytes (T mobile is a CELLULAR company)

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17
Q

what are antigens?

A

self and nonself substances that elicit an immune response and react with the products of that response

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18
Q

describe antigens as molecules

A

large and complex

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19
Q

what are antigenic determinant sites? what are they also called?

A

epitopes; are sites on antigen that reacts with specific antibody or T cell receptor

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20
Q

what are the 4 types of specific immunity based on how they are acquired?

A
  1. naturally acquired active immunity
  2. artificially acquired active immunity
  3. naturally acquired passive immunity
  4. artificially acquired passive immunity
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21
Q

describe naturally acquired active immunity

A

type of specific immunity a host develops after exposure to a foreign substance

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22
Q

describe artifically acquired active immunity

A

intentional exposure to a foreign material (ex. vaccine)

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23
Q

describe naturally acquired passive immunity

A

transfer of antibodies, e.g., from mother to fetus across placenta, or mother to infant in colostrum or breast milk

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24
Q

describe artificially acquired passive immunity

A

pre-formed antibodies or lymphocytes produced by one host are introduced into another host

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25
Q

what is essential for proper functioning of the immune system?

A

recognition of foreigness; distinguishing between self and nonself

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26
Q

what does recognition of foreigness allow for?

A

selective destruction of invading pathogens without destruction of host tissues

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27
Q

what does recognition of foreigness involve?

A

major histocompatability complex

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28
Q

what is the major histocompatability complex?

A

MHC; collection of genes that encodes for self/nonself recognition potential of vertebrates

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29
Q

how many classes of MHC molecules are there?

A

3

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30
Q

where are class I MHCs found?

A

in almost all types of nucleated cells

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31
Q

what are Class I MHCs important for?

A

organ transplants, self/nonself

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32
Q

where are Class II MHCs found?

A

only on antigen presenting cells

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33
Q

what are Class II MHCs required for?

A

required for T cell communication to macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

34
Q

what do Class III MHCs include?

A

secreted protein not required for self/nonself recognition

35
Q

what do Class I and Class II MHCs bind to?

A

antigens in cells

36
Q

what are the 2 types of MHC binding to antigens?

A
  1. endogenous

2. exogenous

37
Q

describe endogenous MHC binding to antigens, and which class does this

A

Class I binds to antigen peptides that originate in the cytoplasm and present the antigen to CD8+ T cells

38
Q

describe exogeneous MHC binding to antigens and what class does this

A

Class II binds to antigen fragments that come from outside the cell and present to CD4+ T helper cells

39
Q

what are T cells?

A

major players in cell-mediated immune response

40
Q

what do T cells play a major role in?

A

B cell activation

41
Q

describe T cells (2)

A
  1. immunologically specific

2. function in a variety of regulatory and effector ways

42
Q

how long are mature T cells naive until?

A

until activated by antigen presentation

43
Q

once activated, what do T cells do?

A

proliferate into effector cells and memory cells

44
Q

what do effector T cells do?

A

carry out specific function to protect host

45
Q

what are the 3 kinds of effector T cells?

A
  1. T helper cells
  2. cytotoxic T lymphocytes
  3. regulatory T cells
46
Q

what are T helper cells also known as?

A

CD4+ T cells

47
Q

what are T helper, or CD4+ T cells activated by?

A

antigen presentation with Class II MHC

48
Q

when do Class I MHCs really kick in?

A

endogenous, when the antigen is already inside/has changed the nucleated cell

49
Q

what do Class I MHCs do when an antigen has already fucked up a cell?

A

grab it, migrate to outside of cell and present it

50
Q

what does a Class I MHC displaying an antigen outside do?

A

causes cytotoxic T cells to come in

51
Q

what 3 things do cytotoxic T cells do once they are recruited by a Class I MHC?

A
  1. make more cytotoxic T cells because there’s probs more antigens to get
  2. make memory T cells for next time
  3. the new cytotoxic T cells do apoptosis of fucked up cells
52
Q

when do Class II MHCs come into play?

A

when an antigen-expressing cell (dendritic, macrophage, or B cell) encounters an antigen

53
Q

what do Class II MHCs do?

A

once their associated antigen-expressing cell has englufed and broken up a pathogen, they express it on outside of cell to recruit T HELPER cells

54
Q

what 3 things do T helper cells do once recruited by Class II MHCs?

A
  1. activate B cells
  2. recruit neutrophils to the area
  3. make more T helper cells bc there’s probs more antigens
55
Q

what are the 2 ways that B cells can be activated?

A
  1. by T cells (T dependent)

2. by epitopes on antigens (T independent)

56
Q

when a B cell is activated by a T cell, what binds where and what is the result?

A

T helper cell binds to class II MHCs on outside of cell, activates more pathways

57
Q

where do epitopes bind when they activate B cells?

A

to antibodies on the B cells

58
Q

when a B cell is activated, what are the 3 pathways that occur?

A
  1. make more B cells
  2. make B memory cells
  3. make plasma B cells
59
Q

what do plasma B cells do?

A

make more antibodies, that play a role in opsonization

60
Q

what must happen to B cells to continue mitosis?

A

must be activated by a certain pathogen, replicate and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

61
Q

describe B cell activation (3)

A
  1. typically antigen specific
  2. leads to proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells
  3. two mechanisms (T dependent and T independent)
62
Q

what are BCRs?

A

B cell receptors, associate with other proteins, specific immunoglobulin receptors for a specific antigen

63
Q

which T cell activation mehcanism is more effective and why?

A

T cell independent is more effective, because those antigens have a lot of epitopes, easy to respond to.

64
Q

why is T cell dependent activation less effective that T cell independent? (2)

A
  1. antibodies produced have a low affinity for antigen

2. no memory B cells formed

65
Q

define antibodies (3)

A
  1. immunoglobulins (Ig)
  2. glycoprotein made by B plasma cells (activated guys)
  3. serves as antigen receptors (BCRs) on B cell surfaces
66
Q

where are antibodies found? (3)

A
  1. blood serum
  2. tissue fluids
  3. mucosal surfaces of vertebrates
67
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

recognize, bind, and neutralize the antigen that caused its production

68
Q

describe the function of immunoglobulins (2)

A
  1. bind antigens specifically: mark for attack, activate nonspecific defense mechanisms to destroy
  2. mediate binding to host tissue, varius immune cells
69
Q

what is the first component of the complement system?

A

immunoglobulins

70
Q

what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgD
  3. IgM
  4. IgA
  5. IgE
71
Q

describe IgGs (2)

A
  1. 80% of serum immunoglobulins (most prevalent)

2. do opsonization, neutralization, activates complement system

72
Q

describe IgDs

A

signal B cells to start antibody production

73
Q

describe IgMs (2)

A
  1. first Ig in all immune responses

2. agglutination, activates complement

74
Q

describe IgAs/secretory IgAs (2)

A
  1. secreted across mucosal surfaces

2. found in tears, saliva, breast milk, mucosal-associated lymph tissue

75
Q

describe IgEs (2)

A
  1. lowest serum level

2. elevated in parasitic infections and allergic reactions

76
Q

when does the primary antibody response occur?

A

there is a several week lag or latent period after inital exposure to antigen before occurs where no antibody is detectable in blood

77
Q

describe the order of Igs in the primary antibody response

A

IgM first, then IgG

78
Q

what produces the antibodies seen in the primary immune response? what else do they produce?

A

plasma B cells, they also make memory B cells

79
Q

why is the secondary antibody response quicker?

A

due to the memory B cells produced in the first response

80
Q

describe the action of antibodies (2)

A
  1. bind antigens with great specificity

2. antibodies coat foreign invading material (opsonization)

Veterinary Microbiology (11 decks)

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