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Infection and immunity > Infection.... > Flashcards

Infection.... Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of sepsis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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2
Q

Neisseria meningitidis virulence factors
Gram stain
Type of bacteria

A

Virulence factors- lipopolysaccharide
Gram stain- negative
Type- diplodocus

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3
Q

Treatment for neisseria meningitidis

A

Ceftriaxone-

Or penicillin V

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4
Q

E. Coli common conditions

A

UTIs, peritonitis, neonatal meningitis

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5
Q

E. coli
Gram stain
Type of bacteria

A

Gram negative rods

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6
Q

Treatment of e.coli UTI

A

Trimethoprim

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7
Q

What does trimethoprim do?

A

Inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

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8
Q

Where is staph aureus a commensalism?

A

Skin

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9
Q

Staph aureus

Gram stain and type

A

Gram positive
Cocci
Clusters

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10
Q

Treatments for staph aureus

A

Flucloxacillin

For MRSA use vancomycin

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11
Q

Staph epidermidis where is it found

A

On the skin- it is very difficult to remove

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12
Q

Staph epidermis
Gram stain
Type

A

Gram positive cocci

Clusters

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13
Q

Staph epidermis treatment

A

Use silver coated central lines

Flucloxacillin

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14
Q

Strep pyogenes

Virulence factors

A

Hyaluronic acid capsule- poor immunogenicity and seem life self
M protein hijacks respiratory burst
Streptokinase- breaks down blood clots

Beta haemolytic

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15
Q

Strep pyogenes

Gram stain and type

A

Gram positive cocci

In chains

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16
Q

Treatment for strep pyogenes

A

Penicillin V

Clarythromyocin if it is resistant

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17
Q

C. Difficile

Where is it found

A

Commensal at the colon
Associated with antibiotic usage
It is very difficult to get rid of

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18
Q

C. difficile virulence factors

A

Toxin A enterotoxin- causes inflammation and build up of excess fluid in the bowel- diahoerrhoea
Toxin B- cytotoxic disrupts protein synthesis and disrupts protein synthesis

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19
Q

C. Difficile

Gram stain and type of bacteria

A

Gram positive rod

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20
Q

Treatment for C. Difficile

A

Metronidazole- mild cases

Vancomycin- serious cases

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21
Q

Strep pneumoniae features

A

Community acquired pneumonia
Member of viridans streptococci
Polysaccharide capsule

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22
Q

Strep pneumoniae
Gram stain
Type of stain

A

Gram positive cocci

Normally diplococci

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23
Q

Treatment for strep pneumoniae

A

Amoxicillin
Doxycycline

Sever- co amoxiclav (IV)

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24
Q

Viridans streptcocci

A

Oral commensal community
Normally alpha haemolytic
Normally tooth decay
Gram positive in chains

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25
Q

Haemophilia influenzae features

A

Nasopharyngeal commensal in certain disease free individuals
Most associated with children especially pneumonia

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26
Q

Haemophiliacs influenzae

Gram stain and type

A

Gram negative bacilli

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27
Q

Treatment of haemophiliacs influenzae

A

Amoxicillin

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28
Q

What does salmonellla typhoon cause?

A

Typhoid

Or enteric fever

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29
Q

Salmonella typhi
Gram stain
Type of bacteria

A

Gram negative bacilli

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30
Q

Treatment for salmonella typhi

A

3rd generation cephalosporins
Cetriaxone
Flouroquines

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31
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

What does it cause?

A

Legionnaires disease
Droplet infection
Causes acute lobar pneumonia

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32
Q

Legionella pneumophilia
Gram stain
Type of bacteria

A

Gram negative bacilli

33
Q

Legionella pneumophilia treatment

A

Clarythromyocin

Flouroquine

34
Q

Epstein Barr virus diagnostics

A

PCR
EBV serology
FBC- elevated lymphocyte blood count
Increased CD8 count

35
Q

Epstein Barr Virus how it works

A

Double stranded DNA, enveloped virus
Infects B cells- latency in B cells
Results in T cell proliferation
Splenomegaly

36
Q

EBV complications

A

Hodgkin lymphoma
Gastric lymphoma
Burkitts lymphoma

37
Q

EBVtreatment

A

Supportive

Acyclovir

38
Q

Varicella zoster common causes

A

Immunocompromised

Young

39
Q

Where does singles appear?

A

On a single dermatome

Latent infection in dorsal root ganglion

40
Q

What does varicella zoster initially cause?

A

Chicken pox

41
Q

Varicella zoster treatment

A

Acyclovir

Viral replication inhibitor

42
Q

Hepatitis B how does it work?

A

Double stranded DNA enveloped

43
Q

Symptoms of hepititis b?

A 
Fatigue
Loss of appetite 
Abdominal pain
Nausea
JAUNDICE 
Cirrhosis
44
Q

Treatment of hepatitis. B?

A

Supportive
Disease is self limiting
Progresses to chronic no cure
Antiviral to suppress viral replication

45
Q

Vaccine for hep B?

A

HbSAb

46
Q

Hepatitis b infection investigations

A 
ALT
ALP
Bilirubin
Hep B serology
PCR
47
Q

Hepatitis C symptoms

A

Mainly asymptomatic

Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain

48
Q

Hep C transmission

A

Blood bourne disease
IV drug user
Chronically infected lead to end stage liver disease

49
Q

Symptoms of Hep B and Hep C

A

Jaundice and cirrhosis

50
Q

Treatment of Hep C

A

Ribovarin
Interferon
Can get re infected

51
Q

HIV warning signs

A

Opportunistic infection
Oral candidacies
Kaposis sarcoma
Pneumocystis pneumonia

52
Q

HIV shape

A

Single stranded RNA, enveloped, retrovirus

53
Q

HIV viral load

A

Inversely proportionate to viral load- CD4 viral count if CD4 is below 200 progression to AIDs

54
Q

Treatment for HIV

A

2x nucleoside inhibitors- reverse transcriptase inhibitors
AND
1 non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
OR
1 protease inhibitor
OR
An integrase inhibitor

55
Q

Adenovirus treatment

A

Supportive treatment

E.g. pain killers

56
Q

Adenovirus symptoms

A

Conjunctivitis, sore throat, fever, cough

57
Q

Norovirus transmission

A

Focal oral route

58
Q

Norovirus investigations

A

ELISA
Stool sample
Winter vomiting

59
Q

Norovirus treatment

A

Supportive
Antipyretic
IV fluids

60
Q

Vector of malaria

A

Female anopheles mosquito

61
Q

Symptoms of falciparum falciporium

A

Female anopheles mosquito

62
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Jaundice

63
Q

Malaria investigations

A

THREE blood films

Liver function tests

64
Q

Treatment for plasmodium falciporium

A

Quinine

Doxycycline

65
Q

Candida albicans type of microbe

A

Fungi mould

66
Q

Candida albicans commensal

A

Vagina

Mouth

67
Q

Treatment for Candida albicans

A

Nystatin
Clotrimazole
IV flucanazole

68
Q

What type of infection is aspergillous?

A

Fungi

Opportunistic infection

69
Q

Treatment for aspergillous

A

Amphotercin

Target chitin in fungal cell wall

70
Q

Cellulitis causative agent

A

Staph aureus

Strep pyogenes

71
Q

Treatment for cellulitis

A

Flucloxacillin

72
Q

Flucloxacillin properties

A

Effective against both strep and staph

Beta lactam

73
Q

Tonsillitis complications

A 
Peritonsillar abscess
Rheumatic fever
Acute post sdtreptal gastrulinephritis 
Impetigo
Erysipelas 
Necrotising fasciitis
74
Q

Causative agent tonsillitis

A

Strep pyogenes- gram positive cocci in chains

75
Q

Treatment for tonsillitis

A

Penicillin V

76
Q

Who is common to get sepsis?

A

Young individual

77
Q

Causative agent for sepsis

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Gram. Positive diplococcus

78
Q

Treatment for sepsis

A 
Give
Fluids
Antibiotics - ceftriaxone- beta lactams 
Oxygen 
Take 
Urea/ lactate
Bloods 
Urine levels
79
Q

Two causative agents of UTIs

A

E. Coli

Candida albicans

Infection and immunity (10 decks)

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