Infection.... Flashcards
What is the most common cause of sepsis?
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis virulence factors
Gram stain
Type of bacteria
Virulence factors- lipopolysaccharide
Gram stain- negative
Type- diplodocus
Treatment for neisseria meningitidis
Ceftriaxone-
Or penicillin V
E. Coli common conditions
UTIs, peritonitis, neonatal meningitis
E. coli
Gram stain
Type of bacteria
Gram negative rods
Treatment of e.coli UTI
Trimethoprim
What does trimethoprim do?
Inhibitor of folic acid synthesis
Where is staph aureus a commensalism?
Skin
Staph aureus
Gram stain and type
Gram positive
Cocci
Clusters
Treatments for staph aureus
Flucloxacillin
For MRSA use vancomycin
Staph epidermidis where is it found
On the skin- it is very difficult to remove
Staph epidermis
Gram stain
Type
Gram positive cocci
Clusters
Staph epidermis treatment
Use silver coated central lines
Flucloxacillin
Strep pyogenes
Virulence factors
Hyaluronic acid capsule- poor immunogenicity and seem life self
M protein hijacks respiratory burst
Streptokinase- breaks down blood clots
Beta haemolytic
Strep pyogenes
Gram stain and type
Gram positive cocci
In chains
Treatment for strep pyogenes
Penicillin V
Clarythromyocin if it is resistant
C. Difficile
Where is it found
Commensal at the colon
Associated with antibiotic usage
It is very difficult to get rid of
C. difficile virulence factors
Toxin A enterotoxin- causes inflammation and build up of excess fluid in the bowel- diahoerrhoea
Toxin B- cytotoxic disrupts protein synthesis and disrupts protein synthesis
C. Difficile
Gram stain and type of bacteria
Gram positive rod
Treatment for C. Difficile
Metronidazole- mild cases
Vancomycin- serious cases
Strep pneumoniae features
Community acquired pneumonia
Member of viridans streptococci
Polysaccharide capsule
Strep pneumoniae
Gram stain
Type of stain
Gram positive cocci
Normally diplococci
Treatment for strep pneumoniae
Amoxicillin
Doxycycline
Sever- co amoxiclav (IV)
Viridans streptcocci
Oral commensal community
Normally alpha haemolytic
Normally tooth decay
Gram positive in chains
Haemophilia influenzae features
Nasopharyngeal commensal in certain disease free individuals
Most associated with children especially pneumonia
Haemophiliacs influenzae
Gram stain and type
Gram negative bacilli
Treatment of haemophiliacs influenzae
Amoxicillin
What does salmonellla typhoon cause?
Typhoid
Or enteric fever
Salmonella typhi
Gram stain
Type of bacteria
Gram negative bacilli
Treatment for salmonella typhi
3rd generation cephalosporins
Cetriaxone
Flouroquines
Legionella pneumophilia
What does it cause?
Legionnaires disease
Droplet infection
Causes acute lobar pneumonia
Legionella pneumophilia
Gram stain
Type of bacteria
Gram negative bacilli
Legionella pneumophilia treatment
Clarythromyocin
Flouroquine
Epstein Barr virus diagnostics
PCR
EBV serology
FBC- elevated lymphocyte blood count
Increased CD8 count
Epstein Barr Virus how it works
Double stranded DNA, enveloped virus
Infects B cells- latency in B cells
Results in T cell proliferation
Splenomegaly
EBV complications
Hodgkin lymphoma
Gastric lymphoma
Burkitts lymphoma
EBVtreatment
Supportive
Acyclovir
Varicella zoster common causes
Immunocompromised
Young
Where does singles appear?
On a single dermatome
Latent infection in dorsal root ganglion
What does varicella zoster initially cause?
Chicken pox
Varicella zoster treatment
Acyclovir
Viral replication inhibitor
Hepatitis B how does it work?
Double stranded DNA enveloped
Symptoms of hepititis b?
Fatigue Loss of appetite Abdominal pain Nausea JAUNDICE Cirrhosis
Treatment of hepatitis. B?
Supportive
Disease is self limiting
Progresses to chronic no cure
Antiviral to suppress viral replication
Vaccine for hep B?
HbSAb
Hepatitis b infection investigations
ALT ALP Bilirubin Hep B serology PCR
Hepatitis C symptoms
Mainly asymptomatic
Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain
Hep C transmission
Blood bourne disease
IV drug user
Chronically infected lead to end stage liver disease
Symptoms of Hep B and Hep C
Jaundice and cirrhosis
Treatment of Hep C
Ribovarin
Interferon
Can get re infected
HIV warning signs
Opportunistic infection
Oral candidacies
Kaposis sarcoma
Pneumocystis pneumonia
HIV shape
Single stranded RNA, enveloped, retrovirus
HIV viral load
Inversely proportionate to viral load- CD4 viral count if CD4 is below 200 progression to AIDs
Treatment for HIV
2x nucleoside inhibitors- reverse transcriptase inhibitors
AND
1 non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
OR
1 protease inhibitor
OR
An integrase inhibitor
Adenovirus treatment
Supportive treatment
E.g. pain killers
Adenovirus symptoms
Conjunctivitis, sore throat, fever, cough
Norovirus transmission
Focal oral route
Norovirus investigations
ELISA
Stool sample
Winter vomiting
Norovirus treatment
Supportive
Antipyretic
IV fluids
Vector of malaria
Female anopheles mosquito
Symptoms of falciparum falciporium
Female anopheles mosquito
Symptoms of malaria
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Jaundice
Malaria investigations
THREE blood films
Liver function tests
Treatment for plasmodium falciporium
Quinine
Doxycycline
Candida albicans type of microbe
Fungi mould
Candida albicans commensal
Vagina
Mouth
Treatment for Candida albicans
Nystatin
Clotrimazole
IV flucanazole
What type of infection is aspergillous?
Fungi
Opportunistic infection
Treatment for aspergillous
Amphotercin
Target chitin in fungal cell wall
Cellulitis causative agent
Staph aureus
Strep pyogenes
Treatment for cellulitis
Flucloxacillin
Flucloxacillin properties
Effective against both strep and staph
Beta lactam
Tonsillitis complications
Peritonsillar abscess Rheumatic fever Acute post sdtreptal gastrulinephritis Impetigo Erysipelas Necrotising fasciitis
Causative agent tonsillitis
Strep pyogenes- gram positive cocci in chains
Treatment for tonsillitis
Penicillin V
Who is common to get sepsis?
Young individual
Causative agent for sepsis
Neisseria meningitidis
Gram. Positive diplococcus
Treatment for sepsis
Give Fluids Antibiotics - ceftriaxone- beta lactams Oxygen Take Urea/ lactate Bloods Urine levels
Two causative agents of UTIs
E. Coli
Candida albicans
