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Infection and immunity > Body Log > Flashcards

Body Log Flashcards

1
Q

How do you prepare light microscopy?

A

Preserve in formalin
Used melted paraffin/wax to make it hard
Cut slices with a microtome
Stain with haemotoxylin and eosin

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2
Q

What is a cryasection?

A

A frozen sample made using a crystal

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3
Q

What is polarised light microscopy?

A

Shows crystals like in gout- can show difference between gout and pseudo gout

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4
Q

What is autoradiography?

A

Photograph taken to see molecules with a radioactive marker

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5
Q

TEM

A 
Uses an electron beam generated in a vacuum
Looks at dead tissue
Passes through tissue 
Very small wavelength 
X 250000 microscopy
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6
Q

SEM

A

Electrons are reflected to give a 3D image

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7
Q

Freeze fracture

A

Freeze tissue to -160 and hit with knife edge

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8
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

Determines protein or epitope is present on the cell surface
Indirect affects antibody attaching to the epitope
Immunofluorescence attaches antibody tag

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9
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

High frequency ultrasound wave = low wave length = good resolution
Low freq= high wave length= low resolution

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10
Q

Types of cell junction

A 
Tight junction 
Desomosomes 
Gap junction
Hemidesomosomes 
Focal adhesions
Integrins
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11
Q

Tight junctions

A

Tightly connected to adjacent cells via lateral domain
For a seal to stop molecules passing through, molecules must pass through the cell so forms a partially permeable barrier

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12
Q

Desomosomes

A

Cadherins interlock and connect cells

Intermediate fibres are also found on inside to keep the cells together and prevent stretching

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13
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow cell communication, connexons form channels for molecules to go through

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14
Q

Hemidesomosomes

A

Half a desomosome

Found in cells/ tissues subject to abrasion links the cell to basal lamina

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15
Q

Focal adhesions

A

Anchor intracellular actin filaments to the basement membrane uses integrins as transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

Focal adhesions

A

Anchor intracellular actin filaments to basement membranes

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17
Q

Integrins

A

Attach to cell and extracellular matrix

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18
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Layer between epithelial cells and connective tissue and consists of basal lamina and reticular fibrils

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19
Q

Types of cell to cell communication

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Neurocrine

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20
Q

What is autocrine communication?

A

Cell molecule releases molecules which bind to receptors on the cells own surface

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21
Q

What is paracrine communication?

A

Substances are secreted to surrounding cells

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22
Q

What is endocrine communication?

A

Secrete hormones into the blood

23
Q

What is neurocrine communication?

A

Neurone secretes hormones into the blood

24
Q

Apical domaine

A

Can be specilaised with microvilli, stereovili and cilia

25
Q

What is osmolality

A

Concentration of solutes and proteins per kg

26
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Conc of solutes and proteins per litre of solution

27
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Oncotic pressure is conc of proteins only

28
Q

What is normal osmolaity?

A

285-295 mOsmol/kg

29
Q

Hypotonic vs. Isotonic v. Hypertonic

A

Hypotonic- water moves into the cell
Isotonic- water moves in and out of the cell equally
Hypertonic- water moves out of the cells

30
Q

Limits of survival pH

A

6.8-7.8

31
Q

Water in 70 kg human

A

42 litres

32
Q

Extracellular water in 70kg human

A

14 litres

33
Q

Intracellular water in 70kg human

A

28 litres

34
Q

Volume of blood

A

5l

35
Q

3 layers of mucous membranes

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

36
Q

Examples of serous membranes

A

Peritoneum
Pleural cavity
Pericardium

37
Q

What is the skin made of?

A

Stratum cornermen
Granular layer
Prickle layer
Basal layer

38
Q

Skin functions

A 
Protection
Sensation 
Thermoregulation 
Excretion and secretion 
Immunity
Endocrine- produce vitamin C
Growth
39
Q

Common skin conditions

A

Acne
Psoriasis
Eczema

40
Q

What is acne?

A

Inflammation of pilosebacous follicles with hormonal causes- black and white heads
Can be inflammatory
Due to bacterium and sebum production

41
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Hyperproliferation of keratinocytes- genetic and environmental cause- stress and drugs. Can be inflammatory. Due to bacteria and sebum production

42
Q

What is eczema?

A

Itchy, dry scaly skin. Itching leads to scratching which leads to thickness of skin . Use antihistamines and steroids

43
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Thin flat cells

Called endothelium lining blood vessels and mesothelioma when part of serous membrane

44
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
Connective tissue

45
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A 
Connects
Transports
Protects
Storage
Defence 
Wound healing
46
Q

Specilaised connective tissues examples

A 
Blood
Bone
Haemopoetic
Cartilage
Lymphatic
Adipose
47
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Gives CT the strength and forms fibrils

Fibroblasts secrete procollagen

48
Q

Reticticular fibres

A

Type iii collagen

Gives a supporting framework and in lymphatic vessels and tissues

49
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Allow tissues to stretch and recoil. Elastic fibres are surrounded by microfilaments called fibrillin

50
Q

Cells in CT proper

A

Fixed -Fibroblasts- synthesis and secrete ground substance, mast cells melanocytes, mesenchymal stem cells
Wandering- leukocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

51
Q

Loose CT proper

A

Abundant cells and watery ground substance, sparse collagen fibres, found beneath the epithelia around small blood vessels. Superficial layer of dermis.

52
Q

Dense CT proper

A

Few cells, lots of fibroblasts, lots of collagen fibres densely packed. Regular is where collagen fibres are arranged in parallel bundles to withstand stress in one direction. Irregular is when collagen fibres are arranged in various directions

53
Q

Ground substance

A

Viscous, clear substance with high water content and made of proteoglycans . Proteoglycans are large macromoleculeswith core glycosaminoglycans attached via .

Infection and immunity (10 decks)

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