Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the first Penicillin and from what organsim

A

Sir Alexander Fleming, from Penicillium notatum

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2
Q

Bactericidal vs bacteristatic

A

Bacteristatic relies on normal host defences to kill the pathogen after its growth has been inhibited.
Bactericidal are used to remove or destroy pathogen when host defences can’t be relied upon

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3
Q

Competency framekwork for prescribers

A
Infection prevention and control
Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobials
Prescribing of antibiotics
Antimicrobial stewardship
Monitoring and learning
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4
Q

What is susceptible to an antibiotic

A

Implies an antimicrobial will inhibit bacterial growth at clinically achievable concentrations

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5
Q

What is MDR

A

MDR - Multidrug resistance, non-susceptibility to at least 1 agent in 3 or more antimicrobial categories

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6
Q

What is XDR

A

XDR - Extremely drug resistance, non-susceptibility to at least 1 agent in 2 or fewer antimicrobial categories, i.e bacterial isolates remain susceptible to only 1 or 2 categories

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7
Q

What is PDR

A

Pandrug resistance, Non susceptible to all agents in all antimicrobial categories, i.e. no agent tested as susceptible for that organism

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8
Q

Important source of resistance antimicrobial

A

Chromosomal mutation

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9
Q

What ways can antibiotic resistance be acquired

A

Vertical or horizontal transmission
Vertical - Due to errors in mutation, passed onto subsequent generations
Horizontal - Resistant genes are swapped from one to another

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10
Q

Types of horizontal transmission

A

Transformation - Bacteria scavenge resistant genes from dead bacteria cells
Transduction - Resistant genes are transferred by bacteriophage
Conjugation - Pilli used to transfer genes

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11
Q

Broad vs narrow spectrum in inducing resistance

A

Broad spectrum are more likely

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12
Q

What is antimicrobial stewardship

A

Optimal selection, dosage and duration of antimicrobial treatment that results in the best clinical outcome for treatment or prevention of infection

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13
Q

4D’s of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS)

A

Drug, Dose, Duration, De-Escalate

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14
Q

How should antibiotics be prescribed

A

Start smart - Review and decision at 48 hours
Switch from IV to oral
Change to narrow-spectrum
Continue and review again after a further 24 hours
Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy

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15
Q

Antibiotics for surgery

A

Surgical prophylaxis - One dose within 60 minutes before knife to skin

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16
Q

When is a repeat surgical prophylaxis dose needed

A

For prolonged procedure or when there is significant blood loss

17
Q

Broad spectrum or narrow spectrum in combination

A

Combination of narrow spectrum

18
Q

Shorter or longer duration of administration

A

Shorter is better