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SBOMS > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Why is important to differentiate between hospital and community acquired infection?

A

Different infecting organisms

Different antibiotic resistance patterns

Marker for outbreaks/epidemiology

Marker of poor infection control in hospitals (hospitals can be fined if too much hospital-acquired infection)

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2
Q

What infections have more resistance hospital acquired or community, why?

A

Hospital infections have more resistance due to beta lactamases

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3
Q

Cell wall inhibitor antibiotics?

A

Beta lactams:

  • Penicillins - amoxicillin, flucloxacillin
  • cephalosporins - cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime
  • Carbapenems - meropenem, ertapenem, imipenem

Glycopeptides:
- Vancomycin

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4
Q

Possible issues with using narrower spectrum antibiotics?

A

Can lead to C diff infection.

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5
Q

In hospital infections what antibiotic groups are not indicated due to beta lactamases?

A

Penecillins

Cephalosporins

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6
Q

Issues with vancomycin?

A

Has to be given IV
Risk of renal impairment
Therapeutic levels need to be monitored

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7
Q

What will vancomycin not work against?

A

Gram negatives

vanco-resistant enterococci

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8
Q

Protein inhibitor antibiotics

A
  • Tetracyclines (bacteriostatic) – doxycycline, tetracycline
  • Macrolides (bacteriocidal) – clarithromycin, erythromycin
  • Aminoglycosides (bacteriostatic) - gentamicin
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9
Q

How can C diff progress?

A
  • Mild diarrhoea
  • Pseudomembranous colitis
  • Toxic megacolon
  • Colonic perforation
  • death
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10
Q

How do you test for C diff infection?

A

Stool test

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11
Q

Most common causes of C diff infection?

A
  • Cephalosporins
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Clindamycin
  • Co-amoxiclav
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12
Q

Risks associated with tetracyclines?

A

Risk of photosensitivity

Risk of teeth staining in

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13
Q

Risks associated with macrolides?

A

Risk of cardiac complications
Interact with statins
GI upset

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14
Q

Risks associated with aminoglycosides?

A

Renal toxicity

Ototoxicity

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15
Q

DNA synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?

A
  • Quinolones (bacteriocidal) – ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin
  • Nitroimidazoles (bacteriocidal at higher doses) – metronidazole
  • Nitrofurans e.g. nitrofurontoin
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16
Q

Risks of Quinolones?

A

QT prolongation
reduced seizure threshold
achilles tendon rupture
C diff infection

17
Q

Risks of metronidazole?

A

GI upset, peripheral neuropathy

18
Q

Management of C diff infection?

A
  • Stopping offending antibiotic
  • Isolation
  • Fluid rehydration
  • Avoid anti-motility drugs e.g. loperamide
  • Consider stopping PPIs
  • Metronidazole/vancomycin
19
Q

Norovirus diagnosis?

A

Stool PCR

20
Q

Treatment of norovirus?

A

ORT, paracetamol antiemetics

21
Q

Treatment of MRSA?

A

IV vancomycin

22
Q

What groups should routine HIV testing be carried out in?

A
  • MSM
  • IVDU
  • Pregnant women
  • Anyone with another STI/a partner with an STI
  • Anyone from a country with a high HIV prevalence
23
Q

What is Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) how do you treat?

A

Most common Opportunistic infection in UK in immunosuppressed patients.

Treat with co-trimoxazole (&steroids)

24
Q

What is toxoplasmosis, how is it treated?

A

protozoan parasite - uncooked food

Can cause SOL in brain, ost infection is fairly asymptomatic

Treated with sulfadiazine (antibiotoc) and pyrimethamine (anti protozaol)

25
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma? Treatment?

A

AIDS associated cancer

Dark/red pigmented lesion from a vascular tumour of spindle cells

Driven by co-infection with HHV-8

Treat with anti-retrovirals and chemo

26
Q

Examples of antiretrovirals?

A

AZT/ zidovudine – a nucleotride reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) - Nevaripine

Protease inhibitors (PIs) Indinavir

27
Q

Treatment regimens for HIV?

A
  • 2 NRTIs and a NNRTI
  • 2 NRTIs and a PI
  • 2 NRTIs and an integrase inhibitor e.g. raltegravir
28
Q

Four modes of action of antibiotics?

A

Cell wall inhibitor

Inhibit protein synthesis

Inhibit DNA synthesis

Inhibit RNA synthesis

29
Q

RNA synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?

A

Rifamycins

30
Q

Rifamycin limitations/SEs?

A

Stains bodily fluids orange

hepatotoxicity

Drug interactions

31
Q

Common hospital acquired infections?

A

C. diff

MRSA

Norovirus

32
Q

What types of antibiotics is MRSA resistant to?

A

Beta lactams

33
Q

Major associated conditions with HIV?

A 
Seroconversion illness
Pneumocystis jirroveci  pneumonia
Toxoplasmosis
Kaposis sarcoma
Tuberculosis
34
Q

Levels of CD4 associated with PCP?

A

Lower than 200

35
Q

Predicted total life expectancy of HIV if caught early?

A

65 years+

36
Q

Common cause of pneumonia and meningitis in the community?

A

Strep pneumonia

37
Q

Use of monoclonal antibodies against C diff?

A

Reduce recurrence

SBOMS (18 decks)

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