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NUR 170 Test 5 > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

invasion of the body tissues by microorganisms with the potential to cause illness or disease

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2
Q

Diseases

A

exist when microorganisms cause a detectable alteration in function

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3
Q

Pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause diseases

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4
Q

Body’s natural defenses

A 
intact skin and mucus membranes
resident bacteria
cilia and phagocytes
tears
high acidity (low pH)
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5
Q

intact skin and mucus membranes

A

1st line of defense, stops microbes from entering body

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6
Q

resident bacteria

A

lives on the body, prevents other harmful microbes from growing (microbial antagonism)

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7
Q

cilia and phagocytes

A

cilia filter and trap microbes and foreign particles in the upper respiratory tract
phagocytes ingest foreign material in alveoli (alveolar macrophages)

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8
Q

tears

A

flush organisms out of eyes

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9
Q

high acidity (low pH)

A

low pH deters microbial growth in stomach and vaginal area

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10
Q

Factors increasing susceptibility of infection

A 
age
heredity
stress
nutrition
treatments/tests
medications
preexisting diseases
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11
Q

Age’s effect on susceptibility to infection

A

very young and very old at higher risk for disease

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12
Q

Heredity’s effect on susceptibility to infection

A

can play role with genetic predisposition to diseas

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13
Q

Stress’s effect on susceptibility to infection

A

increases blood cortizone which decreases inflammatory response and hampers the body’s ability to fight infection

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14
Q

Nutrition’s effect on susceptibility to infection

A

inadequate nutrition can impede the creation of antibodies

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15
Q

Medication’s effect on susceptibility to infection

A

may decrease production of wbc’s; decrease inflammatory response; destroy normal flora

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16
Q

6 links of the chain of infection

A 
infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit from reservoir
means of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
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17
Q

Infection stages

A

incubation period
prodromal stage
acute stage
convalescent stage

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18
Q

Incubation period

A

pathogen begins replicating but doesn’t cause symptoms; can last hours to years

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19
Q

Prodromal stage

A

generic symptoms appear

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20
Q

Acute stage

A

maximum impact, specific symptoms appear, pronounced damage done to body tissues

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21
Q

Convalescent stage

A

infection contained; pathogen eliminated; tissue damage repaired

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22
Q

Normal white blood cell count

A

4,000-10,000 cells per microliter

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23
Q

White blood cell count below 4,000

A

leukeopenia

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24
Q

White blood cell count above 10,000

A

leukocytosis

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25
Q

White blood cell differential

A

differentiates proportions of white blood cells

26
Q

Normal neutrophil levels

A

50-70%

27
Q

Normal basophil levels

A

0.4-1%

28
Q

Normal eosinophil levels

A

1-3%

29
Q

Normal monocyte levels

A

4-6%

30
Q

Normal leukocyte levels

A

25-35%

31
Q

Common culture smaples

A

wound
blood
urine
sputum

32
Q

Serology

A

detects antibodies to certain organisms in blood

33
Q

Examples of antimicrobial agents

A

antibiotics
antivirals
antifungals

34
Q

PPE examples

A

gloves
gown
mask
goggles

35
Q

Standard precautions

A 
wash hands
clean nonsterile gloves
personal protective equipment
respiratory hygiene
no recapping needles
proper handling of soiled equipment
36
Q

Airborne precautions

A 
illnesses transmitted by droplets less than 5 microns in size, can travel more than 3 feet in the air
gloves
gown
goggles
respirator mask
37
Q

Droplet precautions

A 
droplets greater than 5 microns, only go out 3 feet, don't float in air.
gloves
gown
goggles
surgical mask
38
Q

Contact precautions

A

infection easily transmitted from direct contact
gloves
gown
(goggles and mask if needed)

39
Q

Communicable

A

an illness that is directly transferable from one individual to another

40
Q

infectious disease

A

communicable disease transferable by microbes

41
Q

Virulence

A

severity and degree of communicability that a disease can produce

42
Q

Opportunistic pathonogens

A

microbes that only become pathogens under the right circumstances

43
Q

Sepsis

A

refers to the state of infecton

44
Q

Colonization

A

process by which strains of microbes become established flora

45
Q

Local infection

A

infection limited to a specific part of the body

46
Q

Systemic infection

A

local infections that have spread to multiple parts of the body

47
Q

Antiseptics

A

agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes

48
Q

Disinfectants

A

agents that destroy vegetative microbes and leave spores

49
Q

Healthcare associated infections occur after __ hours in the hospital

A

48

50
Q

Most common types of healthcare associated infections

A 
urinary tract infection (#1)
surgical site infections
pneumonia
IV catheters/central lines
C. diff associated diarrhea
51
Q

Iatrogeinc infections

A

infections caused by invasive procedures

52
Q

Most common organisms for nosocomial infections

A

E coli
Enterococcus
Staph aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

53
Q

Ways to decrease risk of nosocomial infections

A 
hand hygiene
basic medical asepsis
surgical/sterile technique
standard precautions
isolation techniques
54
Q

Important things about C diff

A

shed in feces (diarrhea)
endospores can live on surface for long time
treated with vancomycin
hand washing with soap and hot water necessary
contact precautions
diagnosed by fecal culture
appears in patients with prolonged antibiotic use

55
Q

Important things about MRSA

A 
treated with vancomycin
spread by direct contact
patient must be isolated
contact precautions
if patient has had MRSA in past must always be isolated
many carry MRSA without signs of illness
diagnosed by culture
56
Q

Important things about VRE

A

spread by caregivers hands
diagnosed via culture
treated with antibiotics other than vancomycin
contact isolation
hand hygiene
normally present in intestines and on female genitalia

57
Q

Important things about tuberculosis

A 
airborne precautions
N-95 respirator
negative airflow room
isolation
TST and X-ray diagnosis
prompt detection important
immunocompromised patients (HIV+)
58
Q

Important things about ebola

A 
direct contact with bodily fluids
diagnosed by blood tests, IgM and ELISA
fever, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, headache, hemorrhage
PPE disposed of after use
no skin exposed
isolation
inform hospital and CDC
droplet precautions
59
Q

Preventing uti caused by catheter use

A

Insert catheters only for appropriate indications
Leave catheters in place only as long as needed
Ensure that only properly trained persons insert and maintain catheters
Insert catheters using aseptic technique and sterile equipment (acute care setting)
Follow aseptic insertion, maintain a closed drainage system
Maintain unobstructed urine flow
Comply with CDC hand hygiene recommendations and Standard Precautions
Alternatives to indwelling urinary catheterization
Use of portable ultrasound devices for assessing urine volume to reduce unnecessary catheterizations
Use of antimicrobial/antiseptic-impregnated catheters

60
Q

Preventing infection of the blood from central lines

A

Remove unnecessary central lines
Follow proper insertion practices
Facilitate proper insertion practices
Comply with CDC hand hygiene recommendations
Use appropriate agent for skin antisepsis
Choose proper central line insertion sites
Perform adequate hub/access port disinfection
Provide staff education on central line maintenance and insertion
Chlorhexidine bathing
Antimicrobial-impregnated catheters
Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings

61
Q

Preventing infections after surgery

A

Before surgery
Administer antimicrobial prophylaxis in accordance with evidence-based standards and guidelines
Treat remote infections-whenever possible before elective operations
Avoid hair removal at the operative site unless it will interfere with the operation; do not use razors
Use appropriate antiseptic agent and technique for skin preparation
During Surgery
Keep OR doors closed during surgery except as needed for passage of equipment, personnel, and the patient
After Surgery
Maintain immediate postoperative normothermia
Protect primary closure incisions with sterile dressing
Control blood glucose level during the immediate post-operative period (cardiac)
Discontinue antibiotics according to evidence-based standards and guidelines

NUR 170 Test 5 (3 decks)

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