Acute pain key terms

Question 1

pain

Answer 1

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

Question 2

acute pain

Answer 2

pain that lasts only through the expected recovery period which is normally 30 days to 6 months

Question 3

chronic pain

Answer 3

pain that lasts longer than 6 months and persists beyond the expected period of heeling

Question 4

end-of-life care

Answer 4

nursing care given to a client that is near death as well as care provided to the family

Question 5

fatigue

Answer 5

lack of energy and motivation

Question 6

acute fatigue

Answer 6

manifests as normal tiredness associated with a single event such as a poor nights sleep, stressful event, or an acute infection

Question 7

chronic fatigue

Answer 7

more intense and longer lasting than acute fatigue with a nearly constant staye of weariness

Question 8

chronic fatigue syndrome

Answer 8

chronic fatigue that lasts more than 6 months and is accompanied by muscle and joint pain, headaches, and sleep and memory problems

Question 9

fibromyalgia

Answer 9

a disease characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and decreased cognitive functioning

Question 10

sleep loss

Answer 10

duration of sleep shorter than the recommended 7-8 hours a night for adults

Question 11

sleep apnea

Answer 11

an individual experiencing breathing losses during sleep

Question 12

insomnia

Answer 12

difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep or a short sleep duration even with an adequate time spent attempting to sleep

Question 13

narcolepsy

Answer 13

a condition in which the individual experiences excessive daytime sleepiness even with adequate nighttime sleep resulting in sleep attacks and catplexy

Question 14

parasomnias

Answer 14

unpleasant or undesirable behaviors that occur at any point during sleep

Question 15

restless leg syndrome

Answer 15

neurological disorder that results in an irresistible urge to move the legs and other body parts often resulting in impaired sleeping habits

Question 16

sleep hygiene

Answer 16

a variety of sleep practices that help an individual attain good quality sleep at night so that they can be alert during the day

Question 17

specific theory of pain

Answer 17

pain is a specific sensation that uses sensory neurons separate from other sensations such as heat or touch

Question 18

peripheral pattern theory of pain

Answer 18

all sensory nerve fiber endings are the same and pain is only felt when the fibers are intensely stimulated. it is the responsibility of the brain to decipher the differences in the signals coming from these fibers

Question 19

gate control theory of pain

Answer 19

most widely accepted pain theory; states that stimulation of small diameter pain fibers causes gates to open whereas stimulation of large diameter (heat, cold, mechanical) fibers causes gates to close. the amount of activity in the small fibers versus large fibers controls the overall perception of pain.

Question 20

nociceptive pain

Answer 20

pain resulting from external stimuli of an uninjured, fully functional nervous system

Question 21

neuropathic pain

Answer 21

pain caused by nerve malfunction or injuries resulting from trauma, diseases, chemicals, infections, and tumors.

Question 22

categories of acute pain

Answer 22

somatic pain
visceral pain
referred pain

Question 23

somatic pain

Answer 23

pain originating from the nocireceptors located in the skin and musculoskeletal tissue

Question 24

visceral pain

Answer 24

originates from the internal body organs and the linings of body cavities and in the chest, abdomen, and pelvic region.

Question 25

referred pain

Answer 25

pain sensed in the region other than the site of origin

Question 26

3 categories of chronic pain

Answer 26

chronic recurrent pain chronic intractable benign pain chronic progressive pain

Question 27

chronic recurrent pain

Answer 27

characterized by intense episodes of pain interspersed with periods of no pain

Question 28

chronic intractable benign pain

Answer 28

chronic pain that is always present although intensity varies

Question 29

chronic progressive pain

Answer 29

pain that is associated with condition that worsens over time, such as cancer or rheumatoid arthritis

Question 30

the most common type of chronic intractable benign pain is ____ ____

Answer 30

lower back pain

Question 31

a common example of chronic recurrent pain is _______ _________

Answer 31

migraine headaches

Question 32

breakthrough pain

Answer 32

a transient exacerbation of pain that occurs either spontaneously or in relation to a specific predictable or unpredictable trigger despite relatively stable and adequately controlled background pain

Question 33

3 main types of breakthrough pain

Answer 33

incident pain idiopathic pain end-of-dose medication failure

Question 34

incident pain

Answer 34

short term predictable pain that accompanies a movement or activity

Question 35

idiopathic pain

Answer 35

pain associated with an unknown cause

Question 36

end-of-dose medication failure

Answer 36

pain experienced at the end of one dose of medication before the next dose is scheduled

Question 37

central pain

Answer 37

pain caused by damage to the nerves in the central nervous system

Question 38

causes of central pain

Answer 38

stroke multiple sclerosis parkinson's trauma

Question 39

phantom pain

Answer 39

pain felt in an amputated limb or body part

Question 40

psychogenic pain

Answer 40

pain associated with psychological factors including mental or emotional problems

Question 41

sensitization

Answer 41

an increased response to pain over time

Question 42

pain tolerance

Answer 42

the maximum amount of pain that a client will tolerate; women lower than men

Question 43

pain threshold

Answer 43

the point at which pain is initially felt; women lower than men

Question 44

coanalgesic drugs

Answer 44

drugs that are used primarily for another purpose but also have some analgesic properties

Question 45

opioids

Answer 45

drugs that act on one or more of three opioid receptors; mu, delta, and kappa

Question 46

narcotics

Answer 46

morphine like drugs that have potential for abuse | ex. opioids

Question 47

weak agonists

Answer 47

have a low affinity for opioid receptors | ex. codeine and hydrocodone

Question 48

partial agonists

Answer 48

high affinity for the opioid receptor but only produce a partial effect

Question 49

full agonists

Answer 49

bind with high affinity to mu opioid receptors in the PNS and CNS and produce a strong analgesic effect

Question 50

mixed agonist-anatagonist drugs

Answer 50

act as an agonist at one receptor and an an antagonist at another receptor can be 2 mixed opiods or an opioid mixed with a nonopioid

Question 51

opioid side effects

Answer 51

``` respiratory depression most severe constipation nausea and vomiting sedation pruritis sexual dysfunction ```

Question 52

nerve block

Answer 52

an injection of a local anesthetic around nerves to temporarily block nerve activity

Question 53

FLACC pain scale

Answer 53

observational pain scale face, legs, arms, cry, consolability usually used for children

Question 54

pain process

Answer 54

transduction transmission perception modulation

Question 55

transduction

Answer 55

activation of the pain receptors by noxious stimuli; stimuli converted into electrical impulse which travels from the receptor to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Question 56

transmission

Answer 56

impulse travels from the dorsal horn to the thalmus to the cerebral cortex

Question 57

perception

Answer 57

sensory process which occurs when painful stimuli is present (conscious awareness of pain)

Question 58

modulation

Answer 58

the process by which pain sensation is inhibited or modulated by pain receptors

Question 59

behavioral manifestations of pain

Answer 59

grimacing withdrawing restlessness protecting

Question 60

physiologic manifestations of pain

Answer 60

``` pupil dilation increased BP increased HR increased RR pallor nausea increased blood glucose ```

Question 61

psychological manifestations of pain

Answer 61

``` anorexia fatigue fear stoicism depression anger hopelessness powerlessness ```