Acute pain key terms Flashcards
pain
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage
acute pain
pain that lasts only through the expected recovery period which is normally 30 days to 6 months
chronic pain
pain that lasts longer than 6 months and persists beyond the expected period of heeling
end-of-life care
nursing care given to a client that is near death as well as care provided to the family
fatigue
lack of energy and motivation
acute fatigue
manifests as normal tiredness associated with a single event such as a poor nights sleep, stressful event, or an acute infection
chronic fatigue
more intense and longer lasting than acute fatigue with a nearly constant staye of weariness
chronic fatigue syndrome
chronic fatigue that lasts more than 6 months and is accompanied by muscle and joint pain, headaches, and sleep and memory problems
fibromyalgia
a disease characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and decreased cognitive functioning
sleep loss
duration of sleep shorter than the recommended 7-8 hours a night for adults
sleep apnea
an individual experiencing breathing losses during sleep
insomnia
difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep or a short sleep duration even with an adequate time spent attempting to sleep
narcolepsy
a condition in which the individual experiences excessive daytime sleepiness even with adequate nighttime sleep resulting in sleep attacks and catplexy
parasomnias
unpleasant or undesirable behaviors that occur at any point during sleep
restless leg syndrome
neurological disorder that results in an irresistible urge to move the legs and other body parts often resulting in impaired sleeping habits
sleep hygiene
a variety of sleep practices that help an individual attain good quality sleep at night so that they can be alert during the day
specific theory of pain
pain is a specific sensation that uses sensory neurons separate from other sensations such as heat or touch
peripheral pattern theory of pain
all sensory nerve fiber endings are the same and pain is only felt when the fibers are intensely stimulated. it is the responsibility of the brain to decipher the differences in the signals coming from these fibers
gate control theory of pain
most widely accepted pain theory; states that stimulation of small diameter pain fibers causes gates to open whereas stimulation of large diameter (heat, cold, mechanical) fibers causes gates to close. the amount of activity in the small fibers versus large fibers controls the overall perception of pain.
nociceptive pain
pain resulting from external stimuli of an uninjured, fully functional nervous system
neuropathic pain
pain caused by nerve malfunction or injuries resulting from trauma, diseases, chemicals, infections, and tumors.
categories of acute pain
somatic pain
visceral pain
referred pain
somatic pain
pain originating from the nocireceptors located in the skin and musculoskeletal tissue
visceral pain
originates from the internal body organs and the linings of body cavities and in the chest, abdomen, and pelvic region.
referred pain
pain sensed in the region other than the site of origin
3 categories of chronic pain
chronic recurrent pain
chronic intractable benign pain
chronic progressive pain
chronic recurrent pain
characterized by intense episodes of pain interspersed with periods of no pain
chronic intractable benign pain
chronic pain that is always present although intensity varies
chronic progressive pain
pain that is associated with condition that worsens over time, such as cancer or rheumatoid arthritis
the most common type of chronic intractable benign pain is ____ ____
lower back pain
a common example of chronic recurrent pain is _______ _________
migraine headaches
breakthrough pain
a transient exacerbation of pain that occurs either spontaneously or in relation to a specific predictable or unpredictable trigger despite relatively stable and adequately controlled background pain
3 main types of breakthrough pain
incident pain
idiopathic pain
end-of-dose medication failure
incident pain
short term predictable pain that accompanies a movement or activity
idiopathic pain
pain associated with an unknown cause
end-of-dose medication failure
pain experienced at the end of one dose of medication before the next dose is scheduled
central pain
pain caused by damage to the nerves in the central nervous system
causes of central pain
stroke
multiple sclerosis
parkinson’s
trauma
phantom pain
pain felt in an amputated limb or body part
psychogenic pain
pain associated with psychological factors including mental or emotional problems
sensitization
an increased response to pain over time
pain tolerance
the maximum amount of pain that a client will tolerate; women lower than men
pain threshold
the point at which pain is initially felt; women lower than men
coanalgesic drugs
drugs that are used primarily for another purpose but also have some analgesic properties
opioids
drugs that act on one or more of three opioid receptors; mu, delta, and kappa
narcotics
morphine like drugs that have potential for abuse
ex. opioids
weak agonists
have a low affinity for opioid receptors
ex. codeine and hydrocodone
partial agonists
high affinity for the opioid receptor but only produce a partial effect
full agonists
bind with high affinity to mu opioid receptors in the PNS and CNS and produce a strong analgesic effect
mixed agonist-anatagonist drugs
act as an agonist at one receptor and an an antagonist at another receptor
can be 2 mixed opiods or an opioid mixed with a nonopioid
opioid side effects
respiratory depression most severe constipation nausea and vomiting sedation pruritis sexual dysfunction
nerve block
an injection of a local anesthetic around nerves to temporarily block nerve activity
FLACC pain scale
observational pain scale
face, legs, arms, cry, consolability
usually used for children
pain process
transduction
transmission
perception
modulation
transduction
activation of the pain receptors by noxious stimuli; stimuli converted into electrical impulse which travels from the receptor to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
transmission
impulse travels from the dorsal horn to the thalmus to the cerebral cortex
perception
sensory process which occurs when painful stimuli is present (conscious awareness of pain)
modulation
the process by which pain sensation is inhibited or modulated by pain receptors
behavioral manifestations of pain
grimacing
withdrawing
restlessness
protecting
physiologic manifestations of pain
pupil dilation increased BP increased HR increased RR pallor nausea increased blood glucose
psychological manifestations of pain
anorexia fatigue fear stoicism depression anger hopelessness powerlessness
