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PS1040 > Infant perceptual & motor development > Flashcards

Infant perceptual & motor development Flashcards

1
Q

Perceptual development: vision

what is the least developed sense at birth?

A

vision
* newborns can distinguish visual forms if close enough
* 20/400 vision

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2
Q

Perceptual development: vision

what is visual acuity?

A

sharpness of vision; clarity that fine details can be detected

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3
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual acuity at 6 months:

A

acuity approximates normal adult vision

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4
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual acuity at 8 months:

A

more interest in distant objects, tiny objects

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5
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

colour perception for a newborn:

A

prefer colour to grey

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6
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

colour perception for 2-4 month olds:

A

see full colour spectrum

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7
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

pattern perception for a newborn:

A

prefer patterns to plain stimuli

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8
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

pattern perception for 2 month olds:

A

prefer more complex patterns to simpler ones

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9
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual scanning at 1 month:

A

edges

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10
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual scanning at 2 months

A

internal features
* sticky fixation: difficulty disengaging visual attention away from one feature to focus on another

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11
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

visual scanning at 6 months:

A

adult-like scanning

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12
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

percieving parts vs. wholes

Cohen & Younger, 1983

A

not just edges & corners, but whole shape
* improves over 1st year

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13
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

perceiving parts vs. wholes for 4 month olds:

A

see subjective contours

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14
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

perceiving parts vs. wholes at 12 months:

A

recognise incomplete line drawings

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15
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is habituation?

A

A form of learning reflected in a decrease in the strength
of response to a repeated stimulus

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16
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

face perception: Nature

A

new borns track faces more than other stimuli

Johnson et al., 1991

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17
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

Face perception: Nurture

A

this bias gives them much experience with faces

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18
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

face perception for 2-4 month olds:

A

prefer more complex facial stimuli; prefer mother’s face; discriminate individual faces

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19
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

face perception for 5-12 month olds:

A

discriminate emotional expressions

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20
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is depth perception?

A

the ability to see things in 3 dimensions (length, width and depth)

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21
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

depth perception in 1 month olds

kinetic cues

A

kinetic cues are visual features that provide clues as to the distance of an object from the viewer

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22
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

depth perception in 3-5 month olds:

binocular cues

A

binocular cues are the images taken in by both eyes to give depth perception

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23
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is motion parallax?

A

motion parallax is when nearby objects appear to move faster than distance ones

24
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is disparity?

A

disparity is when the brain percieves depth when combining slightly different angle from each eye

25
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

depth perception in 3-7 month olds:

pictorial cues

A

Pictorial cues are visual cues or clues that provide information about depth and distance in a two-dimensional image

26
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

what are the two types of pictorial cues?

depth perception

A

interposition
* an object that overlaps another appears nearer
linear perspective
* parallel lines appear to converge in distance

27
Q

Perceptual Development: Vision

what is a visual cliff?

depth perception

A

involves an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another, originally created to test babies’ depth perception

Gibson & Walk, 1960

28
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

what is an auditory threshold?

A

the quietest sound can hear

Aslin et al., 1998

29
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

auditory threshold: newborn babies

A
  • newborns less sensitive than adults to quietest sounds
  • most sensitive to sounds in range of speech
30
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

what is soundn localisation?

A

the ability to identify the location of a sound source in a sound field

Musiek & Chermak 2015

31
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

sound localisation in newborns

A

newborn turn their heads towards sound

32
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

sound localisation in 7 month olds

A

7 month olds know when sounding object in dark is within reach

33
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

sound localisation in 2 year olds

A

adult-like

34
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

music to newborn babies:

A

newborns prefer music to non-melodic sounds

35
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

music to 4-6 month olds:

A

4-6 month olds prefer more common chords

36
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

music to 6 month olds:

A

distinguish western vs. non-western music scales

37
Q

Perceptual Development: Hearing

speech to newborn babies:

A
  • they prefer to hear infant-directed speech
  • voice of mother > voice of stranger
  • familiar rhyme heard during last 6 wks of pregnancy vs. novel rhyme
38
Q

Perceptual Development: Taste

taste in newborn babies:

A

detect 4 main tastes from 2 hours old (& prefer sweet)

39
Q

Perceptual Development: Taste

taste in 4 month olds:

A

prefer salty to plain

40
Q

Perceptual Development: Smell

smell in newborns:

& 3 examples

A

newborns prefer familiar odours:
* amniotic fluid
* breast milk
* perfume

41
Q

Perceptual Development: Touch

what can newborns feel?

4 things

A
  • pressure
  • texture
  • temperature
  • moisture
42
Q

Perceptual Development: Touch

what parts of newborns are most sensitive to touch?

A

face, hands and feet

43
Q

Perceptual Development: Touch

pain in newborns

A
  • same pain receptors as adults
44
Q

Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes

what is a reflex?

A

a reflex is an involuntary response to external stimulation

McGraw, 1940

45
Q

Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes

what are essential reflexes for newborns

4 reflexes

A
  • rooting
  • sucking
  • swallowing
  • swimming
46
Q

Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes

what are nonessential newborn reflexes

4 reflexes

A
  • moro (startle)
  • gripping
  • stepping
  • babinski
47
Q

Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes

what is Cot death or SIDS

(SIDS = sudden infant death syndrome)

A

unexplained sudden death of an infant less than 1 year, usually during sleep

48
Q

Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes

what is the critical period for SIDS

A

newborns are at risk at 1-4 months when reflexes are wane

49
Q

Motor Development: Newborn Reflexes

what newborns are vulnerable from SIDS

A
  • those who experienced physical problems from birth
  • those exposed to external stressors (smoking/sleep position)
50
Q

Motor Development: Patterns

what are the two main patterns in motor development?

A
  • Cephalocaudal (head to tail)
  • Proximodistal (near to far)
51
Q

Motor Development: Patterns

what is cephalocaudal?

A

when motor control proceeds from head to toe

52
Q

Motor Development: Patterns

what is proximodistal?

A

when motor control proceeds from trunk to limbs

53
Q

Motor Development: Sequence

fine motor (hand) skills in newborns:

A

pre-reaching

54
Q

Motor Development: Sequence

fine motor (hand) skills in 3-4 month olds:

A

goal-directed reaching

55
Q

Motor Development: Sequence

fine motor (hand) skills in 5 month olds:

A

grasp anticipates object orientation

56
Q

Motor Development: Sequence

fine motor (hand) skills in 9 month olds:

A

anticipate object size

57
Q

Motor Development: Sequence

fine motor (hand) skill in 18 month olds:

A

tool use e.g. spoon to feed self

PS1040 (10 decks)

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