Families in childhood & adolescence

Question 1

mothers and fathers

mothers and fathers

Answer 1

• fathers can fulfil a parenting role just as much as mothers, but frequently do not (Lamb 1987)
• fathers attend birth but burden of childcare still falls on women (Lewis 1986)

Question 2

according to Lewis, 1986, what are fathers parenting activities and percentages

5 activities

Answer 2

• changing nappies 28%
• bathtime 29%
• putting to bed%
• getting up at night 87%
• helps in period after birth 77%

Question 3

what are the 5 types of families?

Answer 3

• nuclear family
• extended family
• reconstituted family
• lone parents
• adoptive parents

Question 4

same-sex and different-sex parent families

what did Bos et al. 2018 do an assessment on?

Answer 4

same-sex and different-sex parent families children’s psychological well-being, parenting stress and support in child rearing

Question 5

same-sex and different-sex parent families

what were Bos et al’s 2018 findings on same-sex and different-sex families

Answer 5

• household type was not a significant predictor
• predicting children’s problem behaviour: for mothers & fathers -> positive relationship with being worried about child rearing

Question 6

same-sex and different-sex adoptive parents

what did Farr et al. 2010 explore

Answer 6

he explored factors associated with children’s adjustment with 27 lesbain, 29 gay and 50 heterosexual couples who adopted young children

Question 7

same-sex and different-sex adoptive parents

what did Farr et al 2010 discover from their assessment

6 factors

Answer 7

found no differences depending on parent sexual orientation in:
* parent disciplinary techniques
* parenting stress
* parent relationship satisfaction
* children’s internalising behaviours
* childrens externalising behaviours
* children’s gender role behaviour

Question 8

Belsky’s model of parenting (1984)

what are the three main influences on quality of parental functioning:

Answer 8

• personal psychological resources of parent
• contextual source of support
• characteristics of child

Question 9

Belsky’s model of parenting: the model

Answer 9

Question 10

parent and child development

Reinforcement

Answer 10

learn behaviour through praise and discipline

Question 11

parent and child development

modelling

Answer 11

learning behaviour through observation

Question 12

parent and child development

environment

Answer 12

influence enviornment in which child develops

Question 13

parent and child development

parenting styles:

4 types

Answer 13

• authoritative
• authoritarian
• permissive
• neglecting-rejecting (uninvolved)

Question 14

parenting styles

cultural differences

Answer 14

cultural differences may exist in concept and style of authoritatian parenting
Example:
* chinese parents may be more likely to score high on this due to parenting methods, requiting a high degree of involvement with the child

Question 15

parenting styles

the data

Answer 15

• children of authoritative parents are generally more popular, prosocial and related to better school performance
• children of authoritarian parents tend to be more rejected on sociometric measures

Question 16

parenting styles: the data

What did Kupens and Ceulemans 2019 say the three parenting dimensions are?

Answer 16

• parental support
• behavioural control
• psychological control

Question 17

other influences: grandparents

what is the average age of becoming a grandparent in the UK?

Answer 17

63 years old

Question 18

other influences: grandparents

what is the average life expectancy in the UK?

Answer 18

• 79 years for males
• 92.9 years for females

Question 19

other influences: grandparents

Which two broad ways can grandparents have an effect on child development?

Answer 19

• indirect: parental attitudes influenced by way parent has been brought up
• direct: looking after child/surrogate parent

Question 20

other influences: siblings

Siblings

Answer 20

siblings allow children to experience positive and negative behaviours (katz et al., 1992)

Question 21

divorce and step-parenting

what did Hetherington, Cox and Cox investigate?

Answer 21

• the compared mother-custody divorced families with non-divorced families

Question 22

divorce and step-parenting

what is the average age of child(ren) at separation

include timeline

Answer 22

4 years
timeline:
* 1 year: children and parents experience behaviour problems associated with dysfunction in family
* 2 years: much improved - problems with boys a little more persistent
* 6 years: children of divorced parents “grew up faster”, mother-son relationships problematic

Question 23

divorce and attachment

relationship between divorce and attachment:

Answer 23

individuals whose parents were divorced were less secure in their attachment styles (Brennan & Shaver 1998)

Question 24

divorce and attachment

how does divorce disrupt attachment?

Answer 24

multiple separations from attachment figures e.g. extended families

Question 25

divorce: acute distress syndrome | 3 steps

Answer 25

upset(protest) -> apathy/depression (despair) -> loss of interest (detachment)

Question 26

# divorce results what factors must be considered when examining if divorce should be delayed or not? | 5 factors

Answer 26

* economic security * academic achievement * physical well-being * behavioural probems * will parental conflict rise and possibly focus more on the child?

Question 27

# should parents delay divorce what did Emery 1999 find about children's problems before and after divorce?

Answer 27

* he reported that many studies find that children's problems after divorce were present prior to separation, but other studies have not found this

Question 28

# interparental conflict High-conflict divorces:

Answer 28

* more behaviour problems * more adjustment difficulties * similar outcomes

Question 29

low or conflict-free divorces:

Answer 29

* fewer behaviour problems * fewer adjustment difficulties * more varied & less predictable outcomes

Question 30

other mediating factors of divorce: | 5 factors

Answer 30

* age of child * sex of child * time since separation * post-divorce arrangements * relationships and support

Question 31

# other mediating factors age of the child

Answer 31

* preschool aged children have the most dramatic reactions to divorce * children (5-12) have similar psychological reactions as the preschool children, but tend to be less expressing * adolescents have more resources and can understand the situation better than the younger children

Question 32

# divorce and damily interventions what are child-focused interventions?

Answer 32

interventions that are aimed at improving children's adjustment

Question 33

# divorce and family interventions working with parents

Answer 33

* support parent-child relationships * reducing ongiong parental conflict * contact issues * practical assistance

Question 34

# divorce and family interventions working with children

Answer 34

* family work * group work * individual work

Question 35

# teen parents what percentage of teens maintain a romantic relationship with the baby's father after giving birth?

Answer 35

17%

Question 36

compared to women having children 20 and onwards teen mothers are: | 6 factors

Answer 36

* less likely to marry the father of the first child * more likely to become divorced * twice as much spent as a single parent prior to age 30 * more likely to drop out of school * less likely to earn a high school diploma * more work hours at a lower rate of pay

Question 37

compared to men having children at 20 teen fathers are:

Answer 37

* less likely to earn a high school diploma * more likely to work in a blue-collar occupation * more likely to experience lower income levels * more likelt to engage in deliquent and criminal behaviours

Question 38

# teen parents: economic insufficiency teen parents poverty:

Answer 38

poverty increases the likelihood of living in a high crime, high violence area and moving frequently

Question 39

# teen parents: economic insufficiency what 3 factors predict economic success?

Answer 39

* educational attainment * family size * marital status

Question 40

# teen parents: attachment teen parents and communication with child: | 3 factors

Answer 40

* teen parents and their children have more dysregulated patterns of interaction * adolescents are more impatient and intolerant with their young children * infants show more avoidant behaviour

Question 41

# teen parents: knowledge of child's development knowledge of child's development

Answer 41

* adolescents often have limited knowledge of children's development * understanding the development and social-emotional maturity of children is associated with healthy parenting attitudes

Question 42

# teen parents; assessment of risks what did McClure-Martinez and Cohn 1996 investigate

Answer 42

they examined adolescent parents' and adult parents' perception of risk

Question 43

# teen parents: assessment of risk what did McClure-Martinez and Cohn 1996 find in their invetigations | 4 situations

Answer 43

that adolescents mothers were less likely to intervene than the adult mothers: 1. a child unrestrained in car seat 2. an infant unrestrained in a car seat 3. an infant ignored in a bath 4. an infant left in a crip with the crib railing down

Question 44

# teen parents: protective factors how many teens receive social support?

Answer 44

85% of adolecent mothers do recieve help from family members * improves mother-child interactions, child cognitive development

Question 45

# teen parents: protective factors how are children's developmental outcome increased?

Answer 45

when there is another person in the home providing alternative support care * beneficial for the attachment between adolscent mother and infant

Question 46

# teen parents: support from the father support from the father

Answer 46

* many males try to financially support their partners and children * 30% of teen pregnancies are the fathers also a teen * partner support is positively related with maternal psychological well-being