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PS1040 > Families in childhood & adolescence > Flashcards

Families in childhood & adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

mothers and fathers

mothers and fathers

A
  • fathers can fulfil a parenting role just as much as mothers, but frequently do not (Lamb 1987)
  • fathers attend birth but burden of childcare still falls on women (Lewis 1986)
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2
Q

according to Lewis, 1986, what are fathers parenting activities and percentages

5 activities

A
  • changing nappies 28%
  • bathtime 29%
  • putting to bed%
  • getting up at night 87%
  • helps in period after birth 77%
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3
Q

what are the 5 types of families?

A
  • nuclear family
  • extended family
  • reconstituted family
  • lone parents
  • adoptive parents
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4
Q

same-sex and different-sex parent families

what did Bos et al. 2018 do an assessment on?

A

same-sex and different-sex parent families children’s psychological well-being, parenting stress and support in child rearing

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5
Q

same-sex and different-sex parent families

what were Bos et al’s 2018 findings on same-sex and different-sex families

A
  • household type was not a significant predictor
  • predicting children’s problem behaviour: for mothers & fathers -> positive relationship with being worried about child rearing
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6
Q

same-sex and different-sex adoptive parents

what did Farr et al. 2010 explore

A

he explored factors associated with children’s adjustment with 27 lesbain, 29 gay and 50 heterosexual couples who adopted young children

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7
Q

same-sex and different-sex adoptive parents

what did Farr et al 2010 discover from their assessment

6 factors

A

found no differences depending on parent sexual orientation in:
* parent disciplinary techniques
* parenting stress
* parent relationship satisfaction
* children’s internalising behaviours
* childrens externalising behaviours
* children’s gender role behaviour

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8
Q

Belsky’s model of parenting (1984)

what are the three main influences on quality of parental functioning:

A
  • personal psychological resources of parent
  • contextual source of support
  • characteristics of child
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9
Q

Belsky’s model of parenting: the model

A
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10
Q

parent and child development

Reinforcement

A

learn behaviour through praise and discipline

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11
Q

parent and child development

modelling

A

learning behaviour through observation

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12
Q

parent and child development

environment

A

influence enviornment in which child develops

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13
Q

parent and child development

parenting styles:

4 types

A
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian
  • permissive
  • neglecting-rejecting (uninvolved)
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14
Q

parenting styles

cultural differences

A

cultural differences may exist in concept and style of authoritatian parenting
Example:
* chinese parents may be more likely to score high on this due to parenting methods, requiting a high degree of involvement with the child

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15
Q

parenting styles

the data

A
  • children of authoritative parents are generally more popular, prosocial and related to better school performance
  • children of authoritarian parents tend to be more rejected on sociometric measures
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16
Q

parenting styles: the data

What did Kupens and Ceulemans 2019 say the three parenting dimensions are?

A
  • parental support
  • behavioural control
  • psychological control
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17
Q

other influences: grandparents

what is the average age of becoming a grandparent in the UK?

A

63 years old

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18
Q

other influences: grandparents

what is the average life expectancy in the UK?

A
  • 79 years for males
  • 92.9 years for females
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19
Q

other influences: grandparents

Which two broad ways can grandparents have an effect on child development?

A
  • indirect: parental attitudes influenced by way parent has been brought up
  • direct: looking after child/surrogate parent
20
Q

other influences: siblings

Siblings

A

siblings allow children to experience positive and negative behaviours (katz et al., 1992)

21
Q

divorce and step-parenting

what did Hetherington, Cox and Cox investigate?

A
  • the compared mother-custody divorced families with non-divorced families
22
Q

divorce and step-parenting

what is the average age of child(ren) at separation

include timeline

A

4 years
timeline:
* 1 year: children and parents experience behaviour problems associated with dysfunction in family
* 2 years: much improved - problems with boys a little more persistent
* 6 years: children of divorced parents “grew up faster”, mother-son relationships problematic

23
Q

divorce and attachment

relationship between divorce and attachment:

A

individuals whose parents were divorced were less secure in their attachment styles (Brennan & Shaver 1998)

24
Q

divorce and attachment

how does divorce disrupt attachment?

A

multiple separations from attachment figures e.g. extended families

25
Q

divorce: acute distress syndrome

3 steps

A

upset(protest) -> apathy/depression (despair) -> loss of interest (detachment)

26
Q

divorce results

what factors must be considered when examining if divorce should be delayed or not?

5 factors

A
  • economic security
  • academic achievement
  • physical well-being
  • behavioural probems
  • will parental conflict rise and possibly focus more on the child?
27
Q

should parents delay divorce

what did Emery 1999 find about children’s problems before and after divorce?

A
  • he reported that many studies find that children’s problems after divorce were present prior to separation, but other studies have not found this
28
Q

interparental conflict

High-conflict divorces:

A
  • more behaviour problems
  • more adjustment difficulties
  • similar outcomes
29
Q

low or conflict-free divorces:

A
  • fewer behaviour problems
  • fewer adjustment difficulties
  • more varied & less predictable outcomes
30
Q

other mediating factors of divorce:

5 factors

A
  • age of child
  • sex of child
  • time since separation
  • post-divorce arrangements
  • relationships and support
31
Q

other mediating factors

age of the child

A
  • preschool aged children have the most dramatic reactions to divorce
  • children (5-12) have similar psychological reactions as the preschool children, but tend to be less expressing
  • adolescents have more resources and can understand the situation better than the younger children
32
Q

divorce and damily interventions

what are child-focused interventions?

A

interventions that are aimed at improving children’s adjustment

33
Q

divorce and family interventions

working with parents

A
  • support parent-child relationships
  • reducing ongiong parental conflict
  • contact issues
  • practical assistance
34
Q

divorce and family interventions

working with children

A
  • family work
  • group work
  • individual work
35
Q

teen parents

what percentage of teens maintain a romantic relationship with the baby’s father after giving birth?

A

17%

36
Q

compared to women having children 20 and onwards teen mothers are:

6 factors

A
  • less likely to marry the father of the first child
  • more likely to become divorced
  • twice as much spent as a single parent prior to age 30
  • more likely to drop out of school
  • less likely to earn a high school diploma
  • more work hours at a lower rate of pay
37
Q

compared to men having children at 20 teen fathers are:

A
  • less likely to earn a high school diploma
  • more likely to work in a blue-collar occupation
  • more likely to experience lower income levels
  • more likelt to engage in deliquent and criminal behaviours
38
Q

teen parents: economic insufficiency

teen parents poverty:

A

poverty increases the likelihood of living in a high crime, high violence area and moving frequently

39
Q

teen parents: economic insufficiency

what 3 factors predict economic success?

A
  • educational attainment
  • family size
  • marital status
40
Q

teen parents: attachment

teen parents and communication with child:

3 factors

A
  • teen parents and their children have more dysregulated patterns of interaction
  • adolescents are more impatient and intolerant with their young children
  • infants show more avoidant behaviour
41
Q

teen parents: knowledge of child’s development

knowledge of child’s development

A
  • adolescents often have limited knowledge of children’s development
  • understanding the development and social-emotional maturity of children is associated with healthy parenting attitudes
42
Q

teen parents; assessment of risks

what did McClure-Martinez and Cohn 1996 investigate

A

they examined adolescent parents’ and adult parents’ perception of risk

43
Q

teen parents: assessment of risk

what did McClure-Martinez and Cohn 1996 find in their invetigations

4 situations

A

that adolescents mothers were less likely to intervene than the adult mothers:
1. a child unrestrained in car seat
2. an infant unrestrained in a car seat
3. an infant ignored in a bath
4. an infant left in a crip with the crib railing down

44
Q

teen parents: protective factors

how many teens receive social support?

A

85% of adolecent mothers do recieve help from family members
* improves mother-child interactions, child cognitive development

45
Q

teen parents: protective factors

how are children’s developmental outcome increased?

A

when there is another person in the home providing alternative support care
* beneficial for the attachment between adolscent mother and infant

46
Q

teen parents: support from the father

support from the father

A
  • many males try to financially support their partners and children
  • 30% of teen pregnancies are the fathers also a teen
  • partner support is positively related with maternal psychological well-being

PS1040 (10 decks)

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