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Growth and Metabolism > Infant nutrition > Flashcards

Infant nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Which categories of animals have presence of mammary glands?

A
  • monotremes (lay eggs)
  • marsupials (immature live-born, live in pouches)
  • eutherians (placental mammals)
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2
Q

What is purpose of the adaptation of apocrine gland?

A

provide moisture for eggs, including immune components to prevent infection

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3
Q

What does the hairs on the egg do?

A

spread the layer of fluid on egg

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4
Q

In animals, what are the advantages of the nutritional secretions (and lactation)?

A
  • provide nutrition distant from food source, rely on maternal source
  • enable decreased size of egg/yolk
  • young can grow to large size/maturity, before developing features to eat specialised diets
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5
Q

What methods of nutritional secretions are produced by non-mammalian species?

A
  • crop milk in birds

- mouth-to-mouth holocrine secretion

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6
Q

What is the alpha-lactalbumin (from lysozome) component’s role in milk?

A
  • initially in synthesis of oligosaccharides, not lactose

- present before milk had nutritional role

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7
Q

Explain what milk fat globules are (MFGM):

A
  • found in all species
  • unique to milk
  • unique structure
  • contains proteins essential for synthesis and secretion of MFG
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8
Q

What are the examples of MFGM?

A
  • butyrophilin
  • xanthine
  • oxoreductase
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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Milk and mammary genes are more highly conserved than other genes.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Explain why it would be low daily investment cost for primate lactation:

A
  • long periods of dependency on parents

- spreads cost of investment but also creates potential for conflict between mother and infant

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11
Q

What is the difference with human and ape lactation?

A
  • higher fat, lower protein

- related to larger brain

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12
Q

What are some facts about the content and features in human lactation?

A
  • high oligosaccharide and sIgA content
  • unusual flexibility strategy for feeding young
  • shorter periods of lactation and shorter intervals between births
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13
Q

How is the energy cost human lactation reduced?

A
  • depletion of fat stores deposited during pregnancy

- complementary feeding, intro other food alongside milk

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14
Q

What happens in complementary feeding period?

A

allows mother to shorten lactation period + regain fertility sooner (flexible depending on environment)

  • greater reliance on learning and influence of culture
  • establish social relationships (rituals, confinement, special diets)
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15
Q

What are the benefits in the mother-infant signalling?

A
  • helps maternal behavior/psychological state
  • breast milk involved
  • infant behaviour affected
  • physical contact and interaction
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16
Q

What are some non-nutrient factors in breast milk?

A
  • oligosaccharides
  • bacteria
  • microRNAs
  • cells
  • growth factors
  • hormones
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17
Q

What are the stages of milk?

A
  • colostrum
  • foremilk
  • hindmilk
18
Q

What is the difference in the early and late milk?

A

more fat in the latter stages of milk (foremilk and hindmilk)

19
Q

The nutrient requirements of infants are based on?

A
  • estimated nutrient intakes of healthy breast-fed infants growing normally during the first 6 months
  • a mixed approach for infants 6-12 months
20
Q

What supplements do infants need?

A

Vitamin K and D

21
Q

Regarding iron, what happens in the infant during the first few months?

A
  • infants use iron stores acquired during gestation and delivery (placental transfusion)
  • don’t rely on iron from milk
  • breastmilk has very low iron content (advantage, ‘cause excess iron promotes growth of pathogenic organisms)
22
Q

Regarding iron, what happens in the infant during the second half of infancy?

A
  • iron stores from birth used up (occurs depending of time of cord clamping, infant sex, growth rate)
  • high iron requirements support normal growth and development (iron deficiency can have permanent adverse effects on cognitive development)
23
Q

What is the BMR of babies?

A

40-70%

24
Q

What is the physical activity of babies %?

A

25-50%

25
Q

At 0-3months, what is the TEEm, the total energy cost for growth %?

A

35%

26
Q

What is the gold standard for feeding infants?

A

breast milk

27
Q

What are possible issues when coming up with infant formula composition using breast milk as a model?

A
  • variable breast milk composition
  • composition of expressed milk differs from that suckled by infant
  • breast milk contains many bioactive substances
  • structure of fat/protein differs in milk from different mammals
28
Q

What are the advantages in doing observational studies?

A
  • rapid results
  • disease end-points available
  • large sample size
29
Q

What is the disadvantage in doing observational studies?

A

non-randomised, can’t demonstrate causality

30
Q

In terms of 66 analyses made and 3 RCT, what was the % of diarrhoea and respiratory infection that was prevented from breast feeding?

A

50% diarrhoea
33% respiratory infection
prevented

31
Q

Malocclusions were reduced by how much % due to breastfeeding?

A

68%

32
Q

Breast feeding for longer than 12 months and nocturnal feeding caused how much increase in dental caries in deciduous teeth?

A

2-3 times increase

33
Q

What is the most convincing, biologically plausible health effect of breast milk?

A

reduced risk of infection

34
Q

Where has the lowest breastfeeding rates in Europe?

A

UK

35
Q

What are the reasons for low breastfeeding rates in UK?

A
  • practical problems and lack of appropriate/timely support
  • concerns of adequacy of milk supply
  • inappropriate advice to supplement formula
  • societal attitudes (lack of breastfeeding culture)
  • promotion of infant formula
36
Q

In the pregnant stage, what happens to prepare the mother for breastfeeding?

A
  • proliferation of multiple ducts and lobulo-alveolar structure
  • lactogenesis I: increase in mRNA (for milk proteins and enzymes) and also increase in fat droplet size
  • milk components produced to increase prolactin
  • secretion of colostrum in small amounts
37
Q

What happens to the milk that isn’t removed?

A

components reabsorbed via paracellular pathway

38
Q

In the lactation stage, what happens to the mother during breastfeeding?

A
  • progesterone decreases
  • placental lactogen unblock action of prolactin
  • paracellular pathway closes, this is the onset of lactogenesis II (copious milk)
39
Q

lactogenesis II can be delayed by?

A
  • lack of suckling (sick or preterm infant)
  • unplanned caesarean section
  • prolonged second stage of labour
  • maternal obesity
  • retained placenta
40
Q

What can breastfeeding be disrupted by?

A
  • interferes with removal of milk (baby not feeding effectively, frequent use of formula top-ups)
  • interferes with milk production or let-down (inadequate breastfeeding stimulation, maternal stress, anxiety, lack of confidence)

Growth and Metabolism (12 decks)

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