Early Growth and Nutrition for Long-term Health

Question 1

What were the long term effects when they did early over-feeding in rats?

Answer 1

• increase in cholesterol concentrations and diabetes/insulin/obesity/leptin resistance
• decrease in lifespan

Question 2

In a study of fetal origins of adult disease, what was low birth weight linked with?

Answer 2

• CVD risk factors
• diabetes
• mortality

Question 3

But a systematic review showed that with higher birth weight, it was associated with?

Answer 3

reduced risk of type 2 diabetes

Question 4

What are the pros and cons of animal studies?

Answer 4

pros:

• experimental design
• proof of concept
• mechanism seen
• life-time studies

cons:
- uncertain application to humans

Question 5

what are the pros and cons of observational studies?

Answer 5

pros:

• clinical endpoints
• rapid answers

cons:

• lack of experimental design
• hypothesis generating v testing
• hard to prove causation and underpin practice

Question 6

What are the pros and cons of human intervention trials?

Answer 6

pros:

• experimental design
• can prove causation
• underpin practice

cons:

• long-term follow up
• slow process

Question 7

What does a pharmaceutical model for nutritional interventions include?

Answer 7

• randomised diet

- there’s benefits (efficacy) and risk (safety)

Question 8

A systematic review on maternal antenatal supplemental was done to see if it affects offspring’s risk of CVD, what were the outcomes?

Answer 8

no effect on childhood survival, body composition, blood pressure or cognitive problems, little evidence basically

Question 9

In looking at the offspring, what is obesity pre-pregnancy and maternal weight gain associated with?

Answer 9

obesity in offspring

Question 10

What is the effect of breast-feeding and later cholesterol?

Answer 10

10% lowering

- reduces cardiovascular disease (incidence by 25% and mortality by 13-14%)

Question 11

From a systematic review, increase in child BMI?

Answer 11

increase CVD/diabetes/cancer

Question 12

How much is the % of CVD deaths in low and middle-income countries?

Answer 12

80%

Question 13

In terms of the growth acceleration hypothesis, what are the benefits of breast-milk related to?

Answer 13

slower growth and under-nutrition

Question 14

What is the % effect of faster growth in infancy on obesity?

Answer 14

20%

Question 15

in terms of CVD benefits, reduction in diastolic 2mm, what are the % of hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke reduced?

Answer 15

hypertension = 16%
coronary = 6%
stroke = 15%

Question 16

Whats the max cow’s milk a day in toddlers?

Answer 16

less than 500ml