Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Paediatrics > Infant Feeds > Flashcards

Infant Feeds Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different phases of childhood?

A
  • Neonate
    • <4 weeks
  • Infant
    • <12 months
  • Toddler
    • 1-2 years
  • Pre-school
    • 2-5 years
  • School age
  • Teenager/adolescent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What factors lead the growth in the following phases:

  • infant
  • child
  • pubertal
A
  • Infant
    • Nutrition led
  • Child
    • Growth hormone led
  • Pubertal
    • Sex hormone led
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is birth size and weight impacted by?

A
  • Maternal size
  • Placental function
  • Gestation
    • 95% of weight between 20-40 weeks
    • 10-16% of body weight as fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the size of the average term infant?

A

3.3kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is energy required for?

A
  • Physical activity
  • Thermogenesis
  • Tissue maintained
  • Growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why are children at risk of inadequate nutrition?

A
  • Characteristic feature is need to fuel both rapid growth and maintenance
    • Infants can become rapidly malnourished
    • Dependent on carer
    • High demands for growth and maintenance
      • Infants 100kcal and 2g protein/kg/day
      • Adults 35kcal and 1g/kg/day
    • Low stores (fat and protein)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the average weight gain in g/week for:

  • 0 to 3 month old
  • 3 to 6 month old
  • 6 to 9 month old
  • 9 to 12 month old
A
  • 0 to 3 months
    • 200g
  • 3 to 6 months
    • 150g
  • 6 to 9 months
    • 100g
  • 9 to 12 months
    • 50 to 75
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

By when does a baby double its weight, and then triple?

A

Babies double weight by 6 months and triple by 1 year:

  • After 1 year, about 2kg and 5cm/year until puberty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is growth monitred by?

A

Growth charts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How much calories and protein per day do:

  • children require
  • adults require
A
  • Infants 100kcal and 2g protein/kg/day
  • Adults 35kcal and 1g/kg/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is weight maintenance for children like an adult losing weight?

A

With children, weight maintenance is like adults losing weight, as they should be growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is breast feeding the best form of feed?

A
  • Well tolerated
  • Less allergenic
  • Low renal solute lead
  • Calcium, phosphate, iron, fatty acids
  • Improves cognitive development
  • Reduces risk of infection
    • Macrophages and lymphocytes
    • Interferon, lactoferrin, lysozyme
    • Bifidus factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Compare and contrast breast milk and formula?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is breast feeding recommended until?

A
  • Exclusively breast feeding to around 6 months
  • From 6 months, complementary breast feeding alongside solids is supported
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some of the principles of UNICEF baby friendly “ten steps”?

A
  • Written breast feeding policies communicated with staff
  • Train all health care staff to implement policies
  • Inform all pregnant woman about the benefits of breast feeding
  • Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within a half hour of birth
  • Show mothers how to breast feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are standard formula milks prepared from?

A

Cow milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does specialised formula exist for?

A
  • Specialised formulas exist for cow milk protein allergy
    • Nutrient dense
    • Disease specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When is cow milk not suitable as the main drink before and why?

A

Cows milk not suitable as main drink until 1 year as they contain no iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some examples of available formula milk?

A
  • Pre-term formula
    • Typically higher in protein (2g vs 1.5g) and higher calorie (80kcal vs 67kcal) / 100ml
  • Nutrient dense formula
    • 100kcal/100ml
  • Cows milk protein allergy
  • Disease specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the normal feeding pattern (volume, times per day, suggested milk intake per day) for:

  • up to 2 weeks
  • 2 weeks to 2 months
  • 2 to 3 months
  • 3 to 5 months
  • 6 months
  • 7 to 9 months
  • 10 to 12 months
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cow’s milk protein allergy - epidemiology

A
  • Most common allergy in infants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cow’s milk allergy - management

A
  • Nutramigen
    • First line feed of choice
  • Amino acid based feed
    • Second line based feed
    • Indications – severe colitis/enteropathy breast milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the first and second line feeds for cow milk protein allergy?

A
  • Nutramigen
    • First line feed of choice
  • Amino acid based feed
    • Second line based feed
    • Indications – severe colitis/enteropathy breast milk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

At what age do babies begin the milk ladder?

A

When babies reach one year begin milk ladder:

  • Slowly introduce more dairy into diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are indications for lactose free milks?
* Lactose intolerance
26
What can lactose intolerance be secondary to?
Can occur primary or secondary, due to: * Short lived conditions such as post-gastroenteritis
27
What are possible complications of soya milk usage?
They are high in phytoestrogens, complications: * Which can be concerning in infants under 6 months * Cross reactivity with cows milk
28
What are indications for soya milk?
* Milk allergy when hydrolysed formula refused * Vegan families, if not breast fed * Consider for children \> 1 year still on milk free diet
29
What are some non-formula milks other than cow milk?
* Soya milk * Lactose free milk * Rice milk * Not advice for children under 5 years * Goats and sheeps milk * Not suitable for under 1st * Many children react * Oat and nut milk * Organic versions * Are not calcium fortified
30
How do organic/unsweetended versions of cow milk compare in calories and calcium to cow milk?
Full fat cows milk: * 65kcal/100ml and 120mg calcium/100ml * Organic/unsweetened milk substitutes low in calories * Organic milks have no calcium supplemented
31
How much calcium fortified milk is required to meet calcium requirements?
Need 400-500ml of calcium fortified milk to meet calcium requirements: * Supplement if \<500ml calcium fortified substitute * Alliance calcium liquid or if \>3 years calcium softies * Breast feeding mums Accrete or Cacit D3
32
When should a calcium supplement be given?
* Supplement if \<500ml calcium fortified substitute * Alliance calcium liquid or if \>3 years calcium softies * Breast feeding mums Accrete or Cacit D3
33
When do solids start getting used?
Used in complementary feeding in the transition from milk to mixed diet: * Nutritional and developmental changes Starts around 6 months of age (17-26 weeks): * Look for signs of readiness * Head control, interest in food
34
What are signs of readiness to try solids?
* Head control, interest in food
35
Why introduce solids to a babies diet?
* Milk alone inadequate * Encourage tongue and jaw movements in preparation for speech and social interactions * Neophobia * To reject novel or unknown foods in childhood, increase acceptance by repeatedly offering a variety of foods * Common
36
What is neophobia?
* Neophobia * To reject novel or unknown foods in childhood, increase acceptance by repeatedly offering a variety of foods * Common
37
What is weaning?
Weaning = introducing babies to solid food
38
What should you wait until before you start weaning?
Wait until they can support there own head
39
What solids can be given to babies of the following ages: - 17 weeks to 6 months - around 6 months - 6 to 9 months - 9 to 12 months - 12 months - 18 months
40
Why is vitamin D often low?
* Dark skinned children at risk * Diet is a poor source, most comes from the sun
41
How much vitamin D should be given as supplement for: - birth to 1 year - everyone over 1 year
* Birth to 1 year * 8.5-10ug * Not required if infant formula \>500ml * Everyone over 1 year * 10ug
42
What are the different kinds of reflux?
* GOR * Effortless passage of gastric contents into oesophagus with or without regurgitation and vomiting * GORD * When the reflux of gastric contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications
43
What is GOR and GORD?
* GOR * Effortless passage of gastric contents into oesophagus with or without regurgitation and vomiting * GORD * When the reflux of gastric contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications
44
GOR - epidemiology | (how common, age)
* Vomiting common in babies * Peaks at 3-4 months
45
DOR - management
* Reassurance over natural course * Advice on feeding, check if overfed * No specific treatment * Thickened formula * Infant Gaviscon sachets * Carobel * If no improvement * Trial or milk free diet
46
What are examples of thickended formulas that can be given for GOR?
* Thickened formula * Infant Gaviscon sachets * Carobel
47
What are red flag signs for reflux?
* Weight loss or poor weight gain * Recurrent or bilious vomiting * GI bleeding * Persisting diarrhoea * Dysphagia * Stridor/cough/hoarseness
48
Who are high risk groups of reflux?
* Preterm babies * Neurological impairment * Chronic respiratory illness * Anatomical * Genetic disorders such as down syndrome
49
GORD - treatment
* Acid suppression * Reduced gastric acid may increase risk of pneumonia, gastroenteritis and candidiasis * Trial of milk free diet * Continuous NG/jejunal feeds * Consideration of anti-reflux surgery * Drug therapy * Gaviscon liquid – 1st line * H2 receptor antagonist (Ranitidine) * Proton pump inhibitors (Omeprazole/Lansoprazole) * Pro-kinetics (Domperidone to promote gastric emptying, or low dose erythromycin) * Only short term * Anti-histamine (Alimemazine)
50
What drug therapy can be used for GORD?
* Gaviscon liquid – 1st line * H2 receptor antagonist (Ranitidine) * Proton pump inhibitors (Omeprazole/Lansoprazole) * Pro-kinetics (Domperidone to promote gastric emptying, or low dose erythromycin) * Only short term * Anti-histamine (Alimemazine)
51
What are the normal crying times for: - 0 to 6 weeks - 10 to 12 weeks
52
What are common issues that cause feeding problems?
* In bread fed baby * Functional lactose overdose * All babies * Cows milk protein allergy * Psychosocial issues * Maternal health issues * Colic
53
What is colic?
Inconsolable crying in a baby: * \<3 months of age, \>3 hours/day, \>3 days/week * For at least a week No red flag symptoms
54
What is the criteria to be colic?
Inconsolable crying in a baby: * \<3 months of age, \>3 hours/day, \>3 days/week * For at least a week
55
Colic - treatment
* Explanation and reassurance * Probiotics * Trial of cows milk protein avoidance * Lactase drops * Anti spasmodics
56
Iron deficiency - aetiology
* Breast fed/pre term * Cow’s milk * Not fortified with iron like formula * Too much juice * No structure to meals/snacks * Constipation
57
Iron deficiency - epidemiology | (how common)
* Most common deficiency in the world
58
Iron is particularly important for development of what organ?
Iron important for brain development, periods of peak brain development: * Neonatal period * 6 months to 3 years
59
When are periods of peak brain development?
* Neonatal period * 6 months to 3 years
60
What are examples of nutritional issues beyond infancy: - toddler and pre-school - school age - adolescent
* Toddler and pre-school * Picky eaters/excess milk * Dependent on carer * Frequent illness * School age * Learning to be independent * Chronic disease * Obesity * Adolescent * Independent * Puberty * Eating disorders

Paediatrics (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions