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Infant feeding Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the major constituent nutrients of human breast milk?

A 
Cytokines
Enzymes
Milk lipids
Oligosaccharides
Leukocytes
Ig
Stem cells
Lymphocytes
Growth factors
Vitamins
Minerals
Fats
Carbs
Protein
Water
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2
Q

What are some of the constituent nutrients of formula?

A 
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbs
Fats
Protein
Water
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3
Q

What are the main difference in human milk compared with formula?

A

More whey based
More easily digested
Alpha Lactalbumin associated with destruction of cancer cells

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4
Q

Which juvenile onset disorder is associated with formula?

A

Diabetes

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5
Q

What is the primary carbohydrate in breast milk?

A

Lactose

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6
Q

Why are fats important for breast milk?

A

Essential to brain development
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins
LCPs support nervous system development

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7
Q

How are vitamins and minerals acquire on formula?

A

Vitamins and minerals added to poweder

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8
Q

What do transfer factors do?

A

Enable effective absorption of nutrients in milk

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9
Q

Give an example of a transfer factor and its uses.

A

Lactoferrin
Assists in absorption of iron
Bactericidal

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10
Q

What does IgA do?

A

Protective coating for baby’s gut to prevent entry of pathogenic bacteria and enteroviruses and protect against inflammation

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11
Q

What is an indication of a stronger immune system in breast fed babies?

A 
Higher IL-7 levels
Larger thymus (Organ central to immune system)
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12
Q

What is colostrum?

A

First form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn

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13
Q

What are some special features of colostrum?

A 
Protective factors
Concentrated nutrition
Anti-inflammatory factors
Stimulates gut growth
Laxative effect helps clear meconium
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14
Q

How is Necrotising Enterocolitis avoided in new-borns, especially pre-terms?

A

Anti-inflammatory factors in colostrum reduce risk

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15
Q

What are some maternal risks associated with not breastfeeding?

A

Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Hip fractures
Heart disease

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16
Q

What are some risk for babies associated with not breastfeeding?

A 
Gastroenteritis
Resp infection
Obesity
T1 and T2 diabetes
SIDS
NEC
17
Q

What are some non-nutritional beneficial factors in breast milk?

A

Maternal antibodies and hormones kickstart baby’s endocrine system
Metabolites stimulate enzyme release

18
Q

How do babies pick up familial microbiomes?

A

As they pass through vagina at birth

Through mother’s milk in postnatal period and beyond

19
Q

How may the bacterial transfer shortcomings of a c section be compensated?

A

Prolonged skin-to-skin contact

Breastfeeding v important

20
Q

How does the broncho-mammary pathway work?

A

Pathogens inhaled
Antibodies produced and sent to breasts
Antibodies incorporated into breast milk
Baby’s immune system updated

21
Q

How does the entero-mammary pathway work?

A

Pathogen ingested
Antibodies produced and sent to breasts
Antibodies incorporated into breast milk
Baby’s immune system updated

22
Q

What are the stages of lactation?

A

Lactogenesis 1, 2, and 3

23
Q

Describe lactogenesis 1.

A

Breast development and colostrum production from approximately 16 weeks gestation

24
Q

Describe lactogenesis 2.

A

Onset of copious milk secretion occurring between 32 and 96 hours after birth

25
Q

Describe lactogenesis 3.

A

Maintenance of milk production

26
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the lactating breast?

A 
Montgomery's tubercle
Lactiferous duct
Lactocyte
Myo-epithelial cell
Alveolus
27
Q

What is found inside each alveolar sac?

A

Thousands of milk producing cells called lactocytes

28
Q

How is milk squeezed from ducts to nipple opening?

A

Myo-epithelial cells surrounding alveolus and duct system

29
Q

When do the levels of oestrogen and progesterone which influenced breast development drop?

A

As soon as placenta delivered

30
Q

What happens to oxytocin and prolactin levels after birth?

A

Rise

31
Q

How does prolactin level affect lactocyte function?

A

More prolactin surges leads to more primed receptor sites, meaning more functioning lactocytes

32
Q

How does oxytocin affect milk delivery?

A

Increases

Acts on muscles in pulsatile action

33
Q

Are prolactin levels higher at night or during the day?

A

Higher at night

Follows circadian rhythm

34
Q

When are oxytocin levels raised?

A

When baby is near

skin to skin contact helps milk delivery

35
Q

How does ineffective removal of lactated milk affect production?

A

Reduces it

36
Q

What are some other roles of oxytocin?

A 
Lowers blood pressure
Improves sleep
Takes on cortisol to reduce stress
Reduces pain sensitivity
Boosts our immune system
37
Q

One hour of skin-to-skin contact can reduce stress hormones in the baby by 75%. True false?

A

True

Reproduction (25 decks)

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