Infant feeding Flashcards
What are some of the major constituent nutrients of human breast milk?
Cytokines Enzymes Milk lipids Oligosaccharides Leukocytes Ig Stem cells Lymphocytes Growth factors Vitamins Minerals Fats Carbs Protein Water
What are some of the constituent nutrients of formula?
Vitamins Minerals Carbs Fats Protein Water
What are the main difference in human milk compared with formula?
More whey based
More easily digested
Alpha Lactalbumin associated with destruction of cancer cells
Which juvenile onset disorder is associated with formula?
Diabetes
What is the primary carbohydrate in breast milk?
Lactose
Why are fats important for breast milk?
Essential to brain development
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins
LCPs support nervous system development
How are vitamins and minerals acquire on formula?
Vitamins and minerals added to poweder
What do transfer factors do?
Enable effective absorption of nutrients in milk
Give an example of a transfer factor and its uses.
Lactoferrin
Assists in absorption of iron
Bactericidal
What does IgA do?
Protective coating for baby’s gut to prevent entry of pathogenic bacteria and enteroviruses and protect against inflammation
What is an indication of a stronger immune system in breast fed babies?
Higher IL-7 levels Larger thymus (Organ central to immune system)
What is colostrum?
First form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn
What are some special features of colostrum?
Protective factors Concentrated nutrition Anti-inflammatory factors Stimulates gut growth Laxative effect helps clear meconium
How is Necrotising Enterocolitis avoided in new-borns, especially pre-terms?
Anti-inflammatory factors in colostrum reduce risk
What are some maternal risks associated with not breastfeeding?
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Hip fractures
Heart disease
What are some risk for babies associated with not breastfeeding?
Gastroenteritis Resp infection Obesity T1 and T2 diabetes SIDS NEC
What are some non-nutritional beneficial factors in breast milk?
Maternal antibodies and hormones kickstart baby’s endocrine system
Metabolites stimulate enzyme release
How do babies pick up familial microbiomes?
As they pass through vagina at birth
Through mother’s milk in postnatal period and beyond
How may the bacterial transfer shortcomings of a c section be compensated?
Prolonged skin-to-skin contact
Breastfeeding v important
How does the broncho-mammary pathway work?
Pathogens inhaled
Antibodies produced and sent to breasts
Antibodies incorporated into breast milk
Baby’s immune system updated
How does the entero-mammary pathway work?
Pathogen ingested
Antibodies produced and sent to breasts
Antibodies incorporated into breast milk
Baby’s immune system updated
What are the stages of lactation?
Lactogenesis 1, 2, and 3
Describe lactogenesis 1.
Breast development and colostrum production from approximately 16 weeks gestation
Describe lactogenesis 2.
Onset of copious milk secretion occurring between 32 and 96 hours after birth
Describe lactogenesis 3.
Maintenance of milk production
What are the main anatomical features of the lactating breast?
Montgomery's tubercle Lactiferous duct Lactocyte Myo-epithelial cell Alveolus
What is found inside each alveolar sac?
Thousands of milk producing cells called lactocytes
How is milk squeezed from ducts to nipple opening?
Myo-epithelial cells surrounding alveolus and duct system
When do the levels of oestrogen and progesterone which influenced breast development drop?
As soon as placenta delivered
What happens to oxytocin and prolactin levels after birth?
Rise
How does prolactin level affect lactocyte function?
More prolactin surges leads to more primed receptor sites, meaning more functioning lactocytes
How does oxytocin affect milk delivery?
Increases
Acts on muscles in pulsatile action
Are prolactin levels higher at night or during the day?
Higher at night
Follows circadian rhythm
When are oxytocin levels raised?
When baby is near
skin to skin contact helps milk delivery
How does ineffective removal of lactated milk affect production?
Reduces it
What are some other roles of oxytocin?
Lowers blood pressure Improves sleep Takes on cortisol to reduce stress Reduces pain sensitivity Boosts our immune system
One hour of skin-to-skin contact can reduce stress hormones in the baby by 75%. True false?
True
