Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(UNI) Clinical (3rd Year) > Infant and Child Nutrition > Flashcards

Infant and Child Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Why is optimal nutrition in infants important?

A
  • Low nutritional stores.
  • Rapid growth and development.
  • Immature body systems.
  • Effects on long term health.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define infancy.

A

the first 12 months of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does weight change in the first 6 months of life?

A

It doubles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does weight change after one year?

A

It triples.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does length change in the first year of life?

A

It doubles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When an infant weighs over 2.5kgs, what feeding pattern should they follow?

A

8 feeds 3 hourly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When an infant weighs over 3.5kgs, what feeding pattern should they follow?

A

6 feed 4 hourly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When an infant weighs over 4.0kgs, what feeding pattern should they follow?

A

5 feeds 4 hourly (night feed dropped).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Once solids are established, how many feeds should a child have daily?

A

3-4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Weight loss is expected in the first 5-7 days of life, however what change should be cause for concern?

A

A weight loss of more than 10%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

By what days of life should weight recovery occur?

A

10-14.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When are children routinely weighed?

A

At birth, 2 weeks, 6-8 weeks, and when they receive immunisations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In relation to growth charts, when should the baby need further assessment?

A
  • Weight crossed 2 centile spaces.
  • Weight was below 0.4th centile or 99.6th centile.
  • If there was more than 2 centiles difference between the weight and length centiles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does breast feeding tend to be more common?

A

Affluent communities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does breastfeeding tend to be more common in affluent communities?

A

They may have more time and or money to be able to afford to breast feed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the advantages of breastfeeding to the child?

A
  • Ideal nutritional composition, high bioavailability.
  • Antibodies: reduced gastroenteritis, reduced respiratory infections, reduced UTIs, reduced otitis media.
  • Psychological/bonding benefits.
  • Long term health benefits: reduced type one and two diabetes melitus, reduced risk of atopic disease, reduced risk of obesity (?), reduced risk of childhood leukaemia (?).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the advantages of breastfeeding to the mother?

A
  • Inexpensive and convenient (once established).
  • Psychological/bonding benefits – prolactin.
  • Faster uterine contraction and loss of pregnancy weight.
  • Long term health benefits: reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers, reduced risk of type two diabetes melitus (?), reduced risk of osteoporosis (?).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give some sources of breastfeeding support.

A
  • Health visitor/midwife.
  • National childbirth trust.
  • La leche leagues.
  • Breastfeeding cafes.
  • Peer supporters.
  • Local sure start centres.
  • The breastfeeding network.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How long on average does it take for mother a baby to learn how to breastfeed?

A

About two weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give some non-nutrient factors that manufacturers may add to infant formula.

A

Manufacturers may add non-nutrient factors such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, nucleotides, and prebiotics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How should infant formula be prepared?

A

One level scoop of formula should be added to 30ml (1 fluid ox.) of boiled water then then left to cool for 30 mins. The water should feel hot to touch (about 70 degrees).
Bottles should be made when needed, not in advance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe first infant milk.

A

This is nutritionally complete until 6 months and can be used from 0-12 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What ages is stage 2 follow on formula meant for?

A

6-12 months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What ages is stage 3 follow on formula meant for?

A

12 months +.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are follow on formulas nutritionally complete without solids?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are follow on formulas fortified with?

A

They are fortified with vitamins and minerals including iron and calcium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When should preterm formula be stopped?

A

At 6 months corrected age.

28
Q

What is corrected age?

A

Actual age in weeks - number of weeks preterm.

29
Q

Give some alternate baby food formulas.

A
  • Preterm.
  • High energy formula.
  • Extensively hydrolysed formula.
  • Soya based.
  • Lactose free.
  • Amino acid based.
  • Comfort.
  • Casein dominant.
  • Pre-thickened formula.
30
Q

When should complimentary foods be introduced?

A

Around 6 months.

31
Q

When should solid foods be introduced?

A

The introduction of solid food should commence no later than six months (26 weeks) of age, but not before four months (17 weeks).

32
Q

When is an infant ready for solid food?

A
  • Hold their head steady in a sitting position.
  • Co-ordinate eyes, hands, and mouth so they can look at the food, pick it up, and put it in their mouth.
  • Can swallow food. Babies who are not ready will push their food back out.
33
Q

Why may weaning be inappropriate before the child is 17 weeks old?

A
  • Immature gut.
  • Poor head control/immature swallow.
  • Increased food allergies in atopic families.
  • Increased renal solute load.
  • Increased risk of infections – food isn’t sterile.
  • Potential for faltering growth.
34
Q

Weaning may be inappropriate after the child is 26 weeks old due to which factors?

A
  • Difficulties starting after 9 months.
  • Food refusal and feeding difficulties.
  • Nutritional deficiencies e.g. iron, vitamin D, and faltering growth.
  • Difficulties associated with progressing from puree to lumps.
35
Q

What foods should be avoided during weaning?

A
  • Sugar, salt, honey.
  • Adult squashes, fizzy drinks, tea, coffee, energy drinks, fruit juice (unless well diluted), mineral water.
  • Allergenic foods – eggs, nuts, gluten.
36
Q

How may a child show that they are full?

A

Turning their head away, refusing to open mouth.

37
Q

Why should one not force their child to eat?

A

One should never force their baby to eat as this could lead to food aversion.

38
Q

When should children be given oat milk?

A

After 3 years.

39
Q

When should children be given rice milk?

A

After 5 years.

40
Q

What common nutritional standard is inappropriate for pre-school nutrition?

A

Conventional ‘healthy eating’ (high fibre, low fat) is inappropriate.

41
Q

Why should toddlers feed to appetite?

A

Toddlers should eat to appetite, to develop an understanding of feeling hunger and satisfaction. Hence, one shouldn’t encourage their child to finish their plate if they don’t want to.

42
Q

Which vitamins should all children under 5 have supplemented?

A

Vits A and D.

43
Q

When should breastfed babies receive vitamin supplementation?

A

From birth.

44
Q

When should formula fed babies receive vitamin supplementation?

A

From 6 months or when drinking less than 500ml formula.

45
Q

At what age is it appropriate to introduce a lower fat, higher fibre diet?

A

At school age (5-11 years).

46
Q

What age is classed as pre-school age?

A

1-4 years.

47
Q

What age is classed as school age?

A

5-11 years.

48
Q

What age is classed as adolescence?

A

12+ years.

49
Q

What diet is recommended for adolescent children?

A

A low fat, high fibre diet.

50
Q

At this age, what may influence the child’s dietary choices?

A

Peer pressure.

51
Q

What dietary requirements may be higher in adolescent children?

A

There may be higher protein and calorie requirements due to growth as well as high calcium and iron requirements.

52
Q

What can be caused by iron deficiency anaemia?

A

It can lead to frequent infections, poor weight gain, developmental delay, and behaviour disorders.

53
Q

What can cause iron deficiency anaemia?

A

It can be caused by early introduction of cow’s milk as the main drink, over dependence on milk (replacing iron rich foods), focus on sweet not savoury foods, and fussy eating.

54
Q

How can iron deficiency anaemia be prevented?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia can be prevented by eating iron rich foods, reduced dependence on milk, and use of toddler formula.

55
Q

What may be prescribed to treat iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Iron supplements are often prescribed to treat iron deficiency anaemia.

56
Q

Why is vitamin D deficiency important?

A

It controls the absorption of calcium.

57
Q

How is vitamin D deficiency defined?

A

Vitamin D deficiency is defined as < 25nmol/l of 25-hydoxyvitamin D.

58
Q

What can be caused by vitamin D deficiency?

A

Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets and hypocalcaemia.

59
Q

What is ones main source of vitamin D?

A

Ones main source of vitamin D is from sunlight.

60
Q

What are some dietary sources of vitamin D?

A
  • Oily fish.

* Fortified foods – margarine, infant formula, some cereals, and yogurts.

61
Q

What does the NICE guidelines state as first line treatment for constipation?

A

Laxatives with maintenance therapy, possibly for weeks or months.

62
Q

Once treatment for constipation has established regular bowel movements, what should one do?

A

Once regular bowel habit is established, gradually decrease treatment based on stool consistency and frequency. Do not stop abruptly!

63
Q

What tips should be followed to manage selective eating?

A
  • Meals should be a positive experience, don’t pressure the child.
  • Have a routine of 3 meals daily with 2-3 snacks.
  • No alternative meals or use of a sweet course as a reward.
  • Parent provides food – child chooses how much to eat.
  • Parents should be a role model – all should eat together.
  • Limit meals to 20-30 mins.
  • Be consistent.
64
Q

Give some consequences of obesity.

A
  • Increased severity of asthma and respiratory conditions.
  • Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and CVD.
  • Social discrimination – reduced self-esteem, reduce in reported quality of life.
65
Q

What holistic advice should be provided when treating childhood obesity?

A

On should encourage family wide physical activity and limit sedentary behaviour, as well as promoting family wide healthy eating. Use appropriate language and model behaviour.

(UNI) Clinical (3rd Year) (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions