Infant Flashcards
how much will infant gain in first week
150-200g a week until 5-6mo (they’ll have doubled by this time)
what is the average 6mo weight
7kg
how much will the baby weight by 1 year
tripled by 1 yr (9.75kg)
how much does the height increase for first 6mo?
height increased by 2.5cm a month
how tall will baby be by 6mo
65cm
how tall will baby be by 12 mo
74cm
how does growing occur
in spurts
what percent will babies length increase by 1 yr?
50% (mostly trunk)
are growth charts always accurate?
no, not 100% of time
how fast does the head grow for first 6 month
1.5cm/month
how fast does the head grow 6-12mo
0.5cm/month
by 1 year the head is …. times larger
1/3
by 1 year the head is ….. times heavier
2.5
when does the closure of the cranial suture occur
6-8w
when does the closure of the anterior fontanel occur
12-18mo
by one year… the chest & head are the same…
size (and chest becomes less barrel)
what happens to the heart growth in infancy
doubled by 1st year (55% of chest width)
what is the resp rate like in infancy?
slows & abdominal
why do infants have freq. ear infections?
short eustachian tube
what happens to the HR in infancy
it gradually slows, sinus arrhythmia is still common
what happens to the systolic BP in 1st 2 months
rises
what happens to the diastolic BP in 1st 3 mo
in decreases & then rises after 3 months
what happens to hemoglobin in infancy
@5mo there’s still tons fetal hb but more & more adult hb
when does physiological anemia usually occur
3-6mo
b/c maternal iron stores will last until 5-6mo & then will gradually diminish
when will infants begin to have more saliva
around 3 mo
as the infants stomach enlarges…
they can tolerate 3 meals a day with 1-2 bm’s
what is one organ in the infant that is very immature
liver
how long does maternal IgG antibodies last
first 3 months - baby will have 40% of it’s own IgG by year 1
when will baby reach adult level of IgM
9 months
when will IgA be found in saliva & tears?
2-5 weeks
what are the slower to arrive antibodies?
IgD & IgE
what does the vernix do
helps with immunity, maintain stratum corneum,
what happens to thermoregulation in infancy
becomes more efficient, they can shiver & increased adipose
how much of the baby is water at birth
75% lots of ECF, predisposes them to dehydration
-frequent urination with low specific gravity
what happens to auditory acuity in infancy
it reaches adult level
when will binocular vision occur
6w-4months
when will depth perception occur
7-9months
when can babies voluntarily grasp objects
by 5months
when do the hands become more open
3months
when will babies have a crude pincer grasp?
8/9months
when will babies have a new pincer grasp
11months
when can babies hold bottle, grasp feet & feed themselves a cracker
by 6mo
when can a baby transfer something from 1 hand to another
7mo
when can a baby put things into containers
by 11mo
when can babies try to make a block tower
by 1 yr
when is head control well established
by 4-6mo
when would it begin to be concerning if baby still had a head lag?
at 6 months
when will baby willingly roll over?
at 5 months
when will baby have parachute reflex
7months
what should you do to avoid phagiocephaly
alternates side of head
when can baby sit alone by
7mo
when can baby sit well
8mo
when can baby move from prone to sitting by themselves
10m
baby goes from crawling (belly on floor) to creeping (no belly on floor) by?
9 months
when can the baby walk while holding onto something
11mo
when can some babies walk independently by
1 year
when would u want to investigate locomotion if the baby doesn’t walk by holding furniture by?
12 mo
Eriksons stage for infants?
trust vs. mistrust
what happens in the trust vs. mistrust phase
- provision of food, warmth, is inadequate to develop sense of self = needs more
- mutually satisfying needs, mutual regulation of satisfaction
- mistrust can occur from to much or to little frustration (consistency is essential)
What is trust:
physical comfort & security, minimizes fear
what is meant by the oral/social stage?
the 1st 4 months, food intake is the most important social event
- can tolerate little frustration
- narcissism is @ it’s height
- advanced behaviour to communicate with others
- grasping & tactile stimulation is important for trust
- the quality of interpersonal relationship determines trust
- baby may be aggressive & bitting - makes mom upset
- mom says no & withdraw nipple with strengthen relationships
when is the sensorimotor phase
birth-24months
-progress from simple reflexes to simple repetitive acts to imitate activity
what are the 3 events of the sensorimotor phase
1) separation
2) object permanence
3) Symbols/mental representation
what are the 4 stages of the sensorimotor phase
1) Birth-1 mont (use of reflexes)
2) 1-4month (primary circular rxn’s)
3) 4-8months (secondary circular rxn’s stage)
4) coordination of secondary cheats & their application (8-12mo)
what happens in separation event
infant learns to separate themselves from things in environment
what happens in object permanence
realize that objects that leave physical field still exist (9-12mo)
what happen in symbols/mental representation
allows infant to think of an object without experiencing it
infant understands space & time
what happens in stage 1 (Use of reflexes)
Birth to 1 months
- temperament & individuality expressed by reflex
- start to perceive patterns/order
what happens in stage 2 (primary circular rxn’s)
1-4 months
- replace reflex w/ voluntary
- eye accommodation
- adapt rxn/s to environment
- recognition of order of events
what happens in the 3rd stage (secondary circular rxn’s stage)
(4-8 months
- understanding of time, causality, deliberative intervention & separateness from environment
- imitation
- play
- affect
- object permenece
- separation anxiety
what happens in the 4th stage (coordination of seoncdary schemata’s & their application to new situations )
8-12 mo
- behaviour achievements as foundation to intellectual skills
- increased motor skills
- intellectual reasoning & meaning to word
- actively attempt to remove barriers
what happens to body image
as physical needs are met, they feel comfort & satisfaction with body
- object permanence has to happen first
- interested in mirrors & using body
- transmit positive messages
what happens to social developement
- initially influenced by reflexive behaviour
- eventually depends on interaction w/ care giver
- play=major socializing agent (stimulus to learn & interact)
- by 4mo they can laugh
- by 6 mo they are personable
- can play peek boo, like to be picked up
what are the 2 components of cognitive development needed for attachment
1) ability to discriminate mother from other objects
2) object permanence
what should I know about attachment
- parenting is learnt not instinctual
- attachment happens same in mothers & fathers
- moms do most of infant care
- inexperienced parents are just as good as experienced parents
what is insecure attachment
cannot trust the world they live in
- psychosocial difficulties (may continue into adult)
- may occur with violence or perinatal mood disorder
stages of attachment
1) first few weeks: responds discriminately to anyone
2) 8-12w: cry, smile, vocalize to mom most
3) 6m: infant has distinct preference for mom
4) 7m: attached to other parts of sam
how baby shows attachment to mom
- differential crying, smile, vocalize to mom more
- visual-moto orientation (mom more)
- cry when mom leave room
- approach mom & cling
what is relative attachment disorder: RAD
- psychological development problem that stems from maladaptive/absent attachment
- may persist in child/adulthood
- signs usually seen before 5 yr
- not cuddly w/ patents, no eye contact, poor, impulse, destructive, w/out intervention-> antisocial personality disorder & crime
who is most at risk for relative attachment disorder?
- victims of abuse/sexual abuse/neglect
- exposed to parental alcoholism
- parental mental health issues from substance abuse
- absence of consistent caregiver (foster care, parental abandonment, institutionalize, incarcerated)
separation anxiety occurs.. .
4-8month
- infants protest when placed in crib
- by 10/12 months they can anticipate departure
when does fear of strangers occur
6/8months
-cling, cry, turn away
what is play like in infancy
-narcissistic
becomes more sophisticated & interdependent
how is pleasure shown
by quieting (1mo) by smiling (2m) by squealing (3m)
3-6 y/o want to play…
alone
4months old play is
prefer toys & they’re excited
6m-1yr play
they are much more selective, solitary until they want to interact (6/8m won’t play with strangers)
what is the 1st communication
a cry (4hr a day by week 6)
when does crying decrease
after 12 w
why do babies cry
for attention, fear or frustration
when will babies vocalize
some as early as 5-6w
when will babies imitate words
8m
when will babies understand basic meanings
10/11m
how is temperament determined
biological & environmental
-fussy temperament can come from early complimentary feedings
Explain the purpose of separation/fear of strangers
important part of strong bond.
have ppl visit more often. By the end of the 1st year they’ll be more curious about stangers.
Talk softly, meet @eyelevel, safe distance, avoid, sudden, intrusive gestures
when does effective teaching for injury prevention begin
infancy
should you introduce pacifiers to breastfed babies?
no, not unless requested
but studies found it doesn’t effect breast feeding much
***for some reason putting babies to sleep with pacifier helps with sudden infant death syndrome
More about deciding to give pacifier or not
- parents choice
- should be restricted if freq. ear infections
- pain relief effect
during infancy & early childhood, there is no need to restrict non-nutritive sucking of fingers
but malocclusion may occur if thumb sucking past 4/6yr
when does thumb sucking reach peak
18-20mo
what are the 1st teeth
lower central incisors (6-10mo)
when should discussion of nutrition begin
prenatally
what does vit. D prevent
rickets
after 6 months of breast feeding…
iron rich food should be introduced (don’t rec. more fluids tho
what is usual amount of feedings or formula
I L of formula or 4/5 feedings
early introduction of solids can lead to
weight gain, & iron deficiency
when can infants have whole cows milk
9/12mo
how much do infants sleep from birth-6mo
16hr a day in 3-4hr chunks
how much to infants sleep 6+ months
14hr
when should first trip to dentist be
within 1st yr
what is the main cause of infant death
threat to breathing
1/3 of all injuries happen in home
falls are main reason to hospital
what is shaken baby syndrome
when baby is shaken, causes brain to rotate in skull, tear vessels & neurons, bleeding
symptoms: flu-like, vomit, not eating, listless, seizing, alterations in consciousness, apnea, brady carina. death
what is colic
15-40% of babies, loud crying for more than 3 hours a day
resolves around 12-16mo
potential causes: rapid feedings, improper feeding, overeating, swallowing air, disrupted sleep, emotional stress
what is failure to thrive
inadequate growth due to an inability to obtain or use calories. weight below 5th percentile
what is sudden infant death syndrome
peak age (2-3months) (more boys) (increased in winter) (lower socioeconomic)
Higher incidence in : preterm/low birth weight, multiples, low apgar, infants w/ CNA disturbance, history of illness, lower immunity, high risk with prone sleeping, soft bedding, overheating, cosleeping, smoker parents
maternal risk factors: young age, smoker, poor prenatal care, substance use, second hand smoke
what is positional plagiocephaly
@4 mo (20-48% have it)
posterior occiput flattens over time
-tummy time 30-60 mins a day helps improve
what is apnea & apparent life threatening events
usually less than 6mo, sudden & frightening event with apnea, change in color, change in tone, choking, gagging, coughing & interventions
