Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

The infant’s first and major task during infancy is:

Answer 1

attachment

Question 2

A baby develops “social smile” at age ____?

Answer 2

2-3 months

Question 3

The social bond between a baby and parent (smiling, eye contact) is incredibly important during a baby’s first year. The baby is initially genetically determined to gain attention (cries, facial expressions, eye contact). This phenomenon is called ____________.

Answer 3

attachment

Question 4

The caregiver’s physiologic regulation, responsiveness, and positive emotion, along with his/her ability to adequately respond to the baby’s needs allows for the baby’s development of _______. This first psychosocial stage, _____ vs______, occurs during ______.

Answer 4

basic trust.

basic trust vs mistrust

occurs during infancy (birth-18 months).

Question 5

An infant’s ability to share inner emotional experiences with a caregiver is called ________. This typically occurs at age ______.

Answer 5

intersubjectivity

7-9 months

Question 6

An infant’s ability to share a focus of attention with a caregiver is called _________. This typically occurs at age ________.

Answer 6

joint attention

6-12 months (0.5-1 year)

Question 7

Infants “read” the emotional signals of others in order to modify their behavior. This phenomenon is called __________, and typically occurs at age ________.

Answer 7

social referencing

9-18 months (9 months-1.5 years)

Question 8

The infant is working on Piaget’s __________ stage of cognitive development, in which intellectual developments arise from infants’ actions on objects (e.g. things fall if they are hit off the table). Use of reflex patterns and chance discoveries (trial and error), followed by repetition of an act to cause a desired outcome (e..g infant puts thumb hear mouth, and with sucking reflex, learns to suck thumb, then repeats this behavior).

Answer 8

sensorimotor

Question 9

Infant sat age _____ who are presented with an object that is then removed or hidden will look for that object, realizing that it still exists even though they do not see it. This is called ________.

Answer 9

age 8 months

object permanence

Question 10

Before the age of ______, infants act indiscriminately to adults who are not their caregivers. However, at this age, infants develop _________, which causes them to react with distress when caregivers leave or someone unfamiliar approaches.

Answer 10

7-9 months

stranger anxiety

Question 11

A child who avoids their mother after she returns after the “strange situation” has a ____ attachment style.

Answer 11

avoidant

Question 12

A child who is anxious and not easily soothed by her mother upon reunion after the “strange situation” has a ____ attachment style.

Answer 12

resistant/ambivalent

Question 13

A child who is unsure of how to react when her mother returns after the “strange situation,” often going towards her and away from her, with both positive and negative feelings, has a _____ attachment style.

Answer 13

disorganized.

Question 14

A child who is comforted quickly upon her mother’s return after the “strange situation” has a ____ attachment style.

Answer 14

secure

Question 15

A child can be expected to be visually attentive to others, have increased vocalization (squeals) and support their head and chest at what age?

Answer 15

1-2 months

Question 16

A child can be expected to have depth perception, smile, have decreased primitive reflexes, babbling, and reach for objects at what age?

Answer 16

2-4 months

Question 17

A child can be expected to smile at their mother’s face/voice, have hand-eye coordination, sit with support and then alone, and have a prehensile grasp (using whole hand) at what age?

Answer 17

4-6 months

Question 18

A child can be expected to cruise (walk with support), grasp with thumb and finger, and use their first word at what age?

Answer 18

7-12 months

Question 19

The infant works through Freud’s first stage of psychosexual development, which is __________. The first phase of this stage is ______, in which the toddler puts everything in his or her mouth. The second phase is ____, in which the toddler learns to bite and is more aggressive.

Answer 19

the oral stage

1. passive
2. aggressive

Question 20

A child that lacks stranger anxiety may bond with anyone they meet. This may be due to negligence or abuse. This phenomenon is called _________.

Answer 20

reactive attachment disorder

Question 21

According to Freud, toddlers are struggling in the psychosexual ______ stage, in which the child is growing mastery and full control over his or her body or actions. Power struggles between caregiver and child may occur around toilet training.

Answer 21

anal stage

Question 22

Toddlers are in Erikson’s second stage of psychosocial development, which is _________ vs _________. In this stage, they ask the question: “With my increased independence, will I be able to do things myself and develop self control?”

Answer 22

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 23

At age ______, children are able to pretend to sleep and play with animals and dolls/cars while pretending they are real. This allows them to exert their control in a safe situation. This aspect of development is called ______.

Answer 23

2-3 years

symbolic play

Question 24

The child’s ability to hold onto stable images of others is their development of ____________.
This occurs at approximately ages _____.

Answer 24

internal representations

2-3 years

Question 25

A child’s ability to reconcile contradictory feelings towards the same person is called _________. This occurs approximately at age ______. This relieves the previously normal _________ that the child experienced prior to developing this and internal representations.

Answer 25

object constancy
2-3 years
separation anxiety
(Prior to establishing object constancy, children experience a normal separation anxiety).

Question 26

___________, such as a blanket or stuffed animal, can serve as an intermediary that symbolically represents parents to a child when parents are away. This requires the ability to use symbols, and therefore is useful for ________.

Answer 26

transitional objects

toddlers (2-3years)

Question 27

Children establish gender identity at approximately age _____.

Answer 27

2-3 years

Question 28

Rachel can walk and run independently, as well as gesture to communicate needs. She also is experiencing her first power struggles with her parents. She is likely ________ years old.

Answer 28

1-1.5 years old

Question 29

Tommy is in the middle of toilet training. He can throw a ball overhead and make a horizontal pencil stroke. How old is Tommy?

Answer 29

1.5-2 years old

Question 30

Suzie’s parents are frustrated. She is in the Oppositional Stage (the “terrible twos”). However, they are happy that she can draw a circle, ride a tricycle, and understand almost 800 words. She also no longer has separation anxiety because she has developed __________, yet she adopted the use of a security blanket. How old is Suzie?

Answer 30

object constancy.

2-3 years.