Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards
The first two years
dramatic and noticeable change
foundation for the rest of ones life
development should not be underestimated nor overstated
Physical growth- birthweight
start around 7.5 lbs
doubles to around 14 lbs in the first 4 months
triples to 21 lbs in a year
quadruples to 28 lbs in two years
what effects a babys weight
ethnicity
maternal age
maternal health
maternal weight gain in pregnancy
birth order
gestational age
genetics
The brain
dramatic physical change because of traumatic brain development
neurons and connections between them are being built
neurons are the building blocks
nuerons
born with billions of of them and its most we ever had
dentries- branch like and receives information from environment and other neurons
soma- processes information
axon/myelin sheath- insulates the axon and helps speed up transmission
terminal buttons- release information from one neuron to another
physical growth: nutrition
breastmilk (colostrum) or formula
wasting (infantile marsmus)
head sparing
brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition
physical growth: sleep
infants sleep between 15-17 hours per 24 hour period
sleep supports physical and brain development
the brain: transiet exuberance
massive spurt of neuronal connection (short lived)
the brain: pruning
organized and strengthen the remaining connection
the brain: lobes
occipital-visual processing
pariental- receiving and processing sensory input
temporal- managing emotions, information from senses, memory, and understanding language
frontal- movement, expressive language, and higher level executive functions
Piaget’s cognitive development theory: sensorimotor intelligence
children can learn to be intellectually active at a young age
infants think by using senses and motor skills
create new schemas, assimilate, and accommodate when needed
Piaget’s cognitive development theory: object permanence
items exist even if they are out of direct line of vision
ex: peek-a-boo
Piaget’s cognitive development theory: habituation
loss of interest indicated need for new stimulation
becoming bored is a sign of cognitive development
schema
a way in which information is organized
assimilation
fit new information into existing schemas
accommodation
revise existing schemas based on new information
Theories of language learning
infants need to be taught- behaviorism association and reinforcement
social exchanges foster language- sociocultural
infants teach themselves language- universal language acquisition device (LAD)
psychological development: emotion
learn joy 2-4 months
anger 6 months
fear 9 months
anxiety 12 months
as language develops so can emotions
psychoanalytic theory legacy of childhood
emotions develop as a result of previous life experiences
psychoanalytic theory: erickson
trust vs. mistrust- 1 year
autonomy vs. shame and doubt- 2 years
initiative vs. guilt 4-6 years
industry vs. inferiority 6-11 years
identity vs. role confusion 11-16 years
intimacy vs. isolation early adulthood
generatively vs. stagnation middle childhood
integrity vs. despair late adulthood
attachment
lasting emotion bond between caregiver and infant
secure or insecure
Mary anisworth
strange situation paradigm
how did the child react when the parent was in a room with the stranger and how did the child react when the parent left?
how did the child react when the parent came back into the room?
types of attachment
secure- in the study 65% showed this
insecure- in the study 10-15% showed this
insecure-anxious/ambivalent- in the study 20% showed this
insecure-disorganized- in the study 5-10% showed this
