Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

The first two years

Answer 1

dramatic and noticeable change
foundation for the rest of ones life
development should not be underestimated nor overstated

Question 2

Physical growth- birthweight

Answer 2

start around 7.5 lbs
doubles to around 14 lbs in the first 4 months
triples to 21 lbs in a year
quadruples to 28 lbs in two years

Question 3

what effects a babys weight

Answer 3

ethnicity
maternal age
maternal health
maternal weight gain in pregnancy
birth order
gestational age
genetics

Question 4

The brain

Answer 4

dramatic physical change because of traumatic brain development
neurons and connections between them are being built
neurons are the building blocks

Question 5

nuerons

Answer 5

born with billions of of them and its most we ever had
dentries- branch like and receives information from environment and other neurons
soma- processes information
axon/myelin sheath- insulates the axon and helps speed up transmission
terminal buttons- release information from one neuron to another

Question 6

physical growth: nutrition

Answer 6

breastmilk (colostrum) or formula
wasting (infantile marsmus)

Question 7

head sparing

Answer 7

brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

Question 8

physical growth: sleep

Answer 8

infants sleep between 15-17 hours per 24 hour period
sleep supports physical and brain development

Question 9

the brain: transiet exuberance

Answer 9

massive spurt of neuronal connection (short lived)

Question 10

the brain: pruning

Answer 10

organized and strengthen the remaining connection

Question 11

the brain: lobes

Answer 11

occipital-visual processing
pariental- receiving and processing sensory input
temporal- managing emotions, information from senses, memory, and understanding language
frontal- movement, expressive language, and higher level executive functions

Question 12

Piaget’s cognitive development theory: sensorimotor intelligence

Answer 12

children can learn to be intellectually active at a young age
infants think by using senses and motor skills
create new schemas, assimilate, and accommodate when needed

Question 13

Piaget’s cognitive development theory: object permanence

Answer 13

items exist even if they are out of direct line of vision
ex: peek-a-boo

Question 14

Piaget’s cognitive development theory: habituation

Answer 14

loss of interest indicated need for new stimulation
becoming bored is a sign of cognitive development

Question 15

schema

Answer 15

a way in which information is organized

Question 16

assimilation

Answer 16

fit new information into existing schemas

Question 17

accommodation

Answer 17

revise existing schemas based on new information

Question 18

Theories of language learning

Answer 18

infants need to be taught- behaviorism association and reinforcement
social exchanges foster language- sociocultural
infants teach themselves language- universal language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 19

psychological development: emotion

Answer 19

learn joy 2-4 months
anger 6 months
fear 9 months
anxiety 12 months
as language develops so can emotions

Question 20

psychoanalytic theory legacy of childhood

Answer 20

emotions develop as a result of previous life experiences

Question 21

psychoanalytic theory: erickson

Answer 21

trust vs. mistrust- 1 year
autonomy vs. shame and doubt- 2 years
initiative vs. guilt 4-6 years
industry vs. inferiority 6-11 years
identity vs. role confusion 11-16 years
intimacy vs. isolation early adulthood
generatively vs. stagnation middle childhood
integrity vs. despair late adulthood

Question 22

attachment

Answer 22

lasting emotion bond between caregiver and infant
secure or insecure

Question 23

Mary anisworth

Answer 23

strange situation paradigm
how did the child react when the parent was in a room with the stranger and how did the child react when the parent left?
how did the child react when the parent came back into the room?

Question 24

types of attachment

Answer 24

secure- in the study 65% showed this
insecure- in the study 10-15% showed this
insecure-anxious/ambivalent- in the study 20% showed this
insecure-disorganized- in the study 5-10% showed this