INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Flashcards
Weight gain OF toddler
4-5 lbs/year
2 ½ years old
quadruples birth weight
height increase of toddler
3 inches/year
at 2 years old, height of toddler is half the
expected adult height
Weight gain at 2 y.o is
5 lbs.
Rule of Thumb –(preschool) 1 tablespoon for
each
year of age
Snack every for CHILDHOOD is every
2-3 hours
- Rate of growth
- Activity level
- Size
- Metabolism
- Health
Child calorie needs basis
2 – 3 years old Fat Intake
30 – 35 %
4- 18 years old Fat Intake
25 – 35 %
Recommended Dietary Intake for Toddler
1,300 kcal/day
fats are restricted until age
2
after age of 2, fats should be what percentage of daily calories
30%
toddlers needs increase intake of
calcium and phosphorus
Toddlers need whole milk until age of
2
- Peanuts
- Grapes
- Hotdogs
- Raw carrots
- Hard Candy
- Thick peanut butter
NOT to be given to children under 4 years old (Guidelines to Prevent Choking)
To provide nutritious food in a pleasant setting
Parent’s Primary Responsibility
to decide how much food to eat or whether to eat
child’s responsibility
6 months Calorie and Nutrient Needs
54 calories per pound of weight
10 yr. old Calorie and Nutrient Needs
35 calories per pound of weight
1 ml of water for
each calorie
Toddler needs
Fiber
Never provide food for
comfort or reward
Give water to drink rather than
calorie laden fruit juice
if your child wants a calorie dense snack, use the
20 minutes technique
- Obesity
- Childhood Type 2 Diabetes
- Osteoporosis
- Cardiovascular Disease
Common Problems During Childhood
the perfect food for a baby’s digestive system
breast milk
It has the nutrients that a newborn needs, and all of its components are easily digested.
BREAST MILK
COMPONENTS OF BREAST MILK
- Lactose
- Protein (whey and casein)
- Fat
a time of phenomenal growth and development.
first year of life
Average birth weight
3500 grams
avg WEIGHT GAIN First 6 months
2 lbs/month
at 6 months, birth weight is
doubled
avg at SECOND 6 MONTHS
1 lb/month
at 12 months, birth weight is
tripled
Average birth length
20 inches
height increase in the First 6 months
1 inch/month
height increase by 12 months
50%
1 st year of life CALORIC REQUIREMENT
98-108 calories per kilogram of body weight
0-6 months PROTEIN REQUIREMENT
2.2 g per kg per day
6-12 months PROTEIN REQUIREMENT
1.56 g per kg per day
INFANT has sufficient calories if there are_______wet diapers
6 or more a day
INFANT has sufficient calories if there is
normal growth
INFANT has sufficient calories if there is __________ mustard colored bowel movements a day
two
INFANT has sufficient calories if breast becomes
less full during nursing
Caloric intake of infant should be
98-108 kcal/kg of body weight
Infants should have high
protein and calorie diet
best food during the first 12 months of life
BREAST MILK
A newborn can hold approximately
30 ml (2 tablespoons)
Infant feeding should not exceed
240 ml (1 cup)
may be given if there is milk allergy
Soy milk
may be given if not breastfeeding
Commercial iron-fortified formula
should be given if taking cow’s milk before 1 year of age
Vitamin C and iron
Breast-fed infants gain
less weight
A normal full-term infant can thrive on breast milk or iron-fortified formula exclusively until
4-6 months
Infants May be given complex carbohydrates at
2-3 months
Biting movements begin at approximately
3 months
Chewing begins at
7-9 months
Extrusion reflex fades at
3-4 months
- Physical ability to pull food in the mouth rather
than always pushing the tongue and food out of
the mouth - Willingness to participate in the process
- Ability to sit with support
- Having head and neck control
- Dissatisfaction to intake of more than 32 oz of formula a day
- Dissatisfaction to every 3-4 hours of nursing
Indicators of readiness to Introduction of Solid Food
Introduce food
one at a time
Wait____ before introducing new item
5-7 days
when to introduce food
before formula or breasfeeding
Introduce only_________ of new food
small amount (1-2 tsp)
Do not initiate feeding until the infant is already
4-6 months old
Do not place food in bottles with
formula
should be refrigerated once opened
baby food jars
Do not use food opened_____ago
48 hours
Turns head toward any
object that brushes cheek
0-4
Initially swallows using back of tongue; gradually begins to swallow using front of tongue as well.
0-4
Strong reflex (extrusion) to push food out during first 2-3 months
0-4
Feed breast milk or infant formula
0-4
Extrusion reflex diminishes, and the ability to swallow nonliquid foods develops
4-6
Indicates desire for food by opening mouth and leaning forward.
4-6
Indicates satiety or disinterest by turning away and leaning back
4-6
Sit erect with support at 6 months
4-6
Begins chewing action
4-6
Brings hand to mouth
4-6
Grasp objects with palm
of hand
4-6
Begin iron-fortified cereal mixed with breast milk, formula, or water
4-6
Begin pureed meats, legumes, vegetables, and fruits
4-6
Able to self-feed finger foods
6-8
Develops pincher (finger to thumb) grasp.
6-8
Begins to drink from cup
6-8
begin textured vegetables and fruits.
6-8
Begin unsweetened, diluted fruit juices from cup
6-8
Begins to hold own bottle
6-10
Reaches for and grabs food and spoon
6-10
Sits unsupported
6-10
Begin breads and cereals from table
6-10
➢Begin yogurt.
➢Begin pieces of soft, cooked vegetables and fruit from table
6-10
Gradually begin finely cut meats, fish, casseroles, cheese, eggs, and mashed legumes
6-10
10 Begins to master spoon but still spills some
10-12
➢ Add variety.
➢Gradually increase portion sizes
10-12
➢ Fortified with B vitamins and minerals
➢ Least allergenic type of food
➢ Prevents iron deficiency anemia
➢ Easily digested
Cereal
INTRODUCED AT 5-6 MONTHS
CEREALS
➢ has higher iron content than fruits
➢ usually offered at lunch
➢ offer yellow and green
VEGETABLES
INTRODUCED AT 7 MONTHS
VEGETABLES
➢ best source of vitamin C and A
➢ adds texture and flavors to diet
➢ added to cereal for breakfast and dinner
➢ typical fruits include banana and peach
FRUITS
INTRODUCED AT 8 MONTHS
FRUITS
➢ Good source of protein, iron and B vitamins
➢ Typically added as part of an evening meal in place of cereal
Meat
INTRODUCED AT 9 MONTHS
meat
➢ egg yolk contains iron
➢ egg whites has the proteins.
➢ Egg yolk alone should be given first
eggs
INTRODUCED AT 10 MONTHS
EGGS
- Wheat
- Tomatoes
- Orange
- Fish
- Egg whites
Foods Likely to Cause Allergies
- Sweets
- Canned vegetables
- Honey and Corn syrup
- gum, hard or gel-type candies
- Hotdog or sausage slices
- Large raw apple slices
- Marshmallows, nuts, popcorn, raw carrots, raw celery, whole beans, whole cherries, whole grapes
Foods to Omit in INFANTS
the process of switching an infant’s diet from breast milk or formula to other foods and fluids
Weaning
May be started at 9 months
Weaning
Infants drink from cup effectively at
9 months
Sucking reflex diminishes in intensity from
6-9 months
- Should be done when infant is not irritable
- Difficult to start during summer
WEANING
- Premature Infants
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Failure to Thrive
- Galactosemia
- Phenylketonuria
- Maple syrup Urine Disease
Common Problems During Infancy
