Industry + economy - P + H

Question 1

wine + oil industries

Answer 1

• were the principal sources of income for people in the vesuvian area
• Many landowners of estates in Vesuvian countryside lived In P or Rome - visited estate irreguarly - run by trusted dependents
• estate at P revealed 2014 vine-root cavities - evidence for a large commercial vineyard near P amphitheatre - on site was a room set up for wine pressing (pressing - torcularia, fermentation - cellae vinariae) + shed w embedded dolia which could easily fill 40 amphorae
• usually wasn’t stored in large quantities in taverns + bars - bought in when needed - was transported in leather wineskins (cullei) - then put into amphorae/dolia for storing
• same estates that produced wine produced oil
• most oil pressing done on estates but presses found near P houses in forum granary
• oil was used in perfume, cooking, lighting + rubbing bodies in the thermae + palaestra

Question 2

the garum industry

Answer 2

• P was renowned for its garum - fish sauce - one of main condiments for flavouring in roman cuisine
• different fish + quality + method made different flavours
• the wealthiest families had a monopoly on the manufacture of garum, which they sold to street retailers
• was probably made from fish gills, intestines + blood - smell must have pervaded P
• some didn’t enjoy it - e.g. seneca - hated smell
• salt was used in manufacture - Ps skilfully exploited a depression near the coastal road to H to make a salt plant

Question 3

cloth manufacture + treatment

Answer 3

• washing + dyeing of wool + manufacture of cloth - important industries in P - also associated w laundering, bleaching + re-colouring of clothes
• carried out in fullonicae or laundries - scattered over P
• used cloth, wool + felted (to make hats, cloaks, blankets)
• Guild of Fullers - powerful org. in P - had headquarters at the Eumachia building on eastern side of forum - paid for by E who was the patron of cloth-makers + dyers
• there’s a statue of her in building - dedicated by the fullers

Question 4

bakeries (pinistra)

Answer 4

• approx. 30 identified in P
• flour was gen. poor quality = v hard bread + due to lack of yeast - deteriorated quickly
• pinistra did their own refining of grain in lava stone mills - usually in paved courtyard w a table for kneading + a brick oven
• a few bakeries had an adjoining area for selling their own bread but most dispatched to various small shops + surrounding stalls

Question 5

other industries

Answer 5

• epigraphy + popular paintings suggest that there were numerous small workshops in P - many guilds played an influential role in politics
• perfume was an important industry throughout Campania
• after earthquake 62 AD - increase in bricks + tiles for rebuilding

Question 6

markets

Answer 6

• were 2 in P forum
• the macellum specialised in selling fish + meat + possibly fruit + veg
• also displayed paintings, a small raised temple + statues of an emperor + notable P dignitaries
• second market - olitorium sold dried cereals + pulses to barkeries + individuals
• building of Eumachia was believed to have housed a wool + cloth market

Question 7

shops

Answer 7

many remains of shops in P

• many had a back room which was the living quarters of the shopkeeper
• work/shop owners advertised their business with painted trade signs or paintings on the outside of walls
• about 200 eating + drinking places (thermopoliae) identified in P - marble counter w encased dolia indicates food was gen. taken away or eaten standing
• wine bars + taverns (cauponae) were scattered throughout both P + H - some had a room at the back w benches for clients

Question 8

hotels

Answer 8

• those visiting P could stay the night in one of the many close to the port or within the city
• those for the wealthy had many facilities (e.g. dining rooms, bedrooms, stables + garage shed for wagons + rooms accessed by a side door for the discreet entry of local women)

Question 9

commercial transactions + money

Answer 9

• basilica wasn’t only law court but an exchange where businessmen or speculators met clients + signed contracts

Question 10

overseas trade

Answer 10

• trade w other cities in Campania + the Italian peninsula was commonplace
• P also imported wine + oil from Spain, Sicily + Crete in addition to producing their own - also imported pottery from Spain + Gaul
• amount of exports of P is not certain
• port close to city for dispatching foreign goods into the city or to journey up the Sarno river