industry and agriculture

Question 1

agriculture **

agrarian land reform

Answer 1

1950- reditributed land from landlords to peasants, cadres taxed people depending on how much they owned.led to speaking bitterness meetings and killings of landlords to get land- the party could say it was a peasant led revolution.

Question 2

agriculture

Mutual Aid Teams

Answer 2

1951- ten or so families encouraged to unite,pooling labour,animals,equipment,
managed by peasant association.membership was voluntary but it was difficult to find resources without being in a MAT.

Question 3

agriculture

Agricultural Producers Cooperatives

Answer 3

1952 - MAT’s form APC’s of 40-50 families,land could be consolidated in larger units,strong incentive for rich fams as they could keep some and rent the rest to the APC.profits are shared annually,according to resources contributed and food produced

Question 4

agriculture

Higher APC’s or HPC’s

Answer 4

200-300 households.fams no longer owned land or equipment ,profits shared out due to labour contribution (work points earned)more land given could = more labour in rewards.ideological success,carried out quick tribute to mao’s authority+ outmanoeuvred zhou enlai, increased control at grass roots level but peasants became servants to party and not allies,source of mao overconfidence as it went well.disappointing economic impact,food didnt sustain workforce,lack of state investment in agriculture,lack of cultivated land.

Question 5

the impact of apc’s

Answer 5

• voluntary to enforced-
• local officials had hastily created APC’s(no plans), causing debt+slowdown in spring 1953.
• rejection of revolutionary values caused pressure to join APC’s
• peasants often slaughtered animals instead of giving them over in APC’s
• gov requisitioned grain-rural protest
• Mao did another u turn, ‘stop contract and develop’ calling for an 18 month halt of APC’s.

Question 6

collectivisation

Answer 6

july 1955 - ,17 million to 75 million 1956, only 3 % farming as individuals.said to support socialist upsurge in countryside
Real reason-supplies to the cities would be unreliable if peasants owned the land+ could revert to capitalism

Question 7

why were communes introduced?

Answer 7

• To maximise food production in order to accelerate economic growth
• Lin Shaoqi and Deng backed the communes
• enthusiastic cadres+fact finding tour.

Question 8

what were the communes like ?

Answer 8

1958- the next 2 yeats 750,000 collectives were merged into 26,000 communes.

a shift to commune was often a rebranding-not big change. divided into production brigades of what could be produced locally,tractor station for the brigades.unit of local government-services, elderly,ed,health.regimented lifesyle -conjugal visits.ideals of utopian socialism.

Question 9

when was the first commune?

Answer 9

Sputnik the first commune,henan,april 1958.27 merged collectives,9000 households.

Question 10

what was produced in communes

Answer 10

The communes were based on walking on 2 legs policy from the GLP.labour force was to be mobilised on water conservancy,civil engineering.steel and grain equal priority.decentralising economic planning-local official push changes.over

Question 11

abolition of private farming

Answer 11

villagers had no choice but to be absorbed into the commune ,surrender property without compensation=private farming abolished+no rewards.

competing communes-forced to work hard.
Six hours sleep every 2 days
Loss of personal freedom +possesions;everyone had to be miltia members,farmers worked with antiquated rifles

Question 12

what was lysenkoism?

Answer 12

1958,official policy programme based on pseudo science.use of new breeds and seeds, increased irrigation,pest control,close planting,deep ploughing,increased fertilisation.seriously upset ecological balance insects and vermin destroyed crops.peasants homes destroyed as animal dung from walls used for fertilisation.the points were dangerous when used together

Question 13

what happened in the great famine?

Answer 13

• mao to intensified the communes scheme without any rebuttal
• 50 million deaths, worse in rural areas,tibet,25% of pop.
• Henan,9mill dead,accounts of people eating tree bark,husbands sold wives+prostitution.
• state continued to requisition grain from 52-62 meat production decreased,from 3.4 mill to 1.9 mill.

Question 14

what were the causes?

Answer 14

maos ambition,lysenkoism, dismissal of experts,climate of fear, peasant demotivation and china’s priorities.

Question 15

maos ambition

Answer 15

• commune system and fyps +engineering projects.peasants couldn’t do it all.-impossible to allocate man power efficiently.
• transport and communication not been developed
• ignored peng dehauis concern about glf

Question 16

dismissal of experts

Answer 16

• purged in anti rightist
• the methods ran counter to what peasants did before.

Question 17

climate of fear

Answer 17

• generated by anti rightist,cadres didn’t speak out.
• passed on optimistic reports to superiors- these reports encouraged planners to set higher targets
• cadres would transplant seedlings along mao’s route
• politburo members didnt speak out against glf .

Question 18

peasant demotivation

Answer 18

losing their property,ewards minimal,same amount of food irrespective of how hard you work-futile

Question 19

china’s priorities

Answer 19

• prospect of industrialising china more important than expendable chinese lives bc life loss shows strength of communism
• continued to export food during famine,rice to germany
• mao says that he would sacrifice half the chinese population for victory in nuclear war.

Question 20

industrialisation