Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

china flashcards > industry and agriculture > Flashcards

industry and agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

agriculture **

agrarian land reform

A

1950- reditributed land from landlords to peasants, cadres taxed people depending on how much they owned.led to speaking bitterness meetings and killings of landlords to get land- the party could say it was a peasant led revolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

agriculture

Mutual Aid Teams

A

1951- ten or so families encouraged to unite,pooling labour,animals,equipment,
managed by peasant association.membership was voluntary but it was difficult to find resources without being in a MAT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

agriculture

Agricultural Producers Cooperatives

A

1952 - MAT’s form APC’s of 40-50 families,land could be consolidated in larger units,strong incentive for rich fams as they could keep some and rent the rest to the APC.profits are shared annually,according to resources contributed and food produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

agriculture

Higher APC’s or HPC’s

A

200-300 households.fams no longer owned land or equipment ,profits shared out due to labour contribution (work points earned)more land given could = more labour in rewards.ideological success,carried out quick tribute to mao’s authority+ outmanoeuvred zhou enlai, increased control at grass roots level but peasants became servants to party and not allies,source of mao overconfidence as it went well.disappointing economic impact,food didnt sustain workforce,lack of state investment in agriculture,lack of cultivated land.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the impact of apc’s

A
  • voluntary to enforced-
  • local officials had hastily created APC’s(no plans), causing debt+slowdown in spring 1953.
  • rejection of revolutionary values caused pressure to join APC’s
  • peasants often slaughtered animals instead of giving them over in APC’s
  • gov requisitioned grain-rural protest
  • Mao did another u turn, ‘stop contract and develop’ calling for an 18 month halt of APC’s.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

collectivisation

A

july 1955 - ,17 million to 75 million 1956, only 3 % farming as individuals.said to support socialist upsurge in countryside
Real reason-supplies to the cities would be unreliable if peasants owned the land+ could revert to capitalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why were communes introduced?

A
  • To maximise food production in order to accelerate economic growth
  • Lin Shaoqi and Deng backed the communes
  • enthusiastic cadres+fact finding tour.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what were the communes like ?

A

1958- the next 2 yeats 750,000 collectives were merged into 26,000 communes.

a shift to commune was often a rebranding-not big change. divided into production brigades of what could be produced locally,tractor station for the brigades.unit of local government-services, elderly,ed,health.regimented lifesyle -conjugal visits.ideals of utopian socialism.
competing communes-forced to work hard.

Six hours sleep every 2 days
Loss of personal freedom +possesions;everyone had to be miltia members,farmers worked with antiquated rifles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when was the first commune?

A

Sputnik the first commune,henan,april 1958.27 merged collectives,9000 households.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what was produced in communes

A

The communes were based on walking on 2 legs policy from the GLP.labour force was to be mobilised on water conservancy,civil engineering.steel and grain equal priority.decentralising economic planning-local official push changes.over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

abolition of private farming

A

villagers had no choice but to be absorbed into the commune ,surrender property without compensation=private farming abolished+no rewards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what was lysenkoism?

A

1958,official policy programme based on pseudo science.use of new breeds and seeds, increased irrigation,pest control,close planting,deep ploughing,increased fertilisation.seriously upset ecological balance insects and vermin destroyed crops.peasants homes destroyed as animal dung from walls used for fertilisation.the points were dangerous when used together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happened in the great famine?

A
  • mao to intensified the communes scheme without any rebuttal
  • 50 million deaths, worse in rural areas,tibet,25% of pop.
  • Henan,9mill dead,accounts of people eating tree bark,husbands sold wives+prostitution.
  • state continued to requisition grain from 52-62 meat production decreased,from 3.4 mill to 1.9 mill.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what were the causes?

A

maos ambition,lysenkoism, dismissal of experts,climate of fear, peasant demotivation and china’s priorities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

maos ambition

A
  • commune system and fyps +engineering projects.peasants couldn’t do it all.-impossible to allocate man power efficiently.
  • transport and communication not been developed
  • ignored peng dehauis concern about glf
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

dismissal of experts

A
  • purged in anti rightist
  • the methods ran counter to what peasants did before.
17
Q

climate of fear

A
  • generated by anti rightist,cadres didn’t speak out.
  • passed on optimistic reports to superiors- these reports encouraged planners to set higher targets
  • cadres would transplant seedlings along mao’s route
  • politburo members didnt speak out against glf .
18
Q

peasant demotivation

A

losing their property,ewards minimal,same amount of food irrespective of how hard you work-futile

19
Q

china’s priorities

A
  • prospect of industrialising china more important than expendable chinese lives bc life loss shows strength of communism
  • continued to export food during famine,rice to germany
  • mao says that he would sacrifice half the chinese population for victory in nuclear war.
20
Q

industrialisation

how was private farming restored?

A

sent a directive saying villagers could have private land in 1950 due to famine. 1961 Liu and deng broke down communes,got grain imports from canada and Australia = resolve food production-back 1967. peasant could get rewards for their work. economic realism replaces ideology.

21
Q

when was the 1st 5YP?

A

1952-56

22
Q

why was the 1st 5YP it not introduced straight away?

A

had to redistribute land+fix inflation+consolidate power.by 1951 annual inflation rate cut to 15%-cuts in public spending, using the yuan instead of chineses dollar and tax increase

23
Q

targets of the 1st 5YP?

A

To be as self sufficient in food and manufactured goods centralised planning and heavy industry would come first.investing in patriotic saving schemes to direct in industrial investment.industrialisation.

24
Q

features of the 1st 5YP?

A

used 10,000 soviet advisors as part of the sino soviet treaty+ influence of lysenkoism, had to house and pay for russians

25
Q

result of the 1st 5YP

A
  1. success= economy improved, growth rate of 9%, exceeded target of steel 113mt at 130mt , living standards improved,engineering projects- bridge over yangtze river.
  2. failure=planning showed lack of skill-nationalist adminstrators had been driven out, and officials exaggerated figures, quantity over quality.peasants had no food- state gave to workers
26
Q

when was the 2nd 5Yp?

A

1958-62

27
Q

targets of the 2nd 5YP/why it was introduced

A
  • develop agriculture to feed the workforce
  • not to depend on the russians
  • to further industrialise
  • socialist projects
  • no-one left/ opposition to disagree with it
28
Q

features of the 2nd 5YP

A
  • decentralistion of economic planning
  • backyard furnaces
  • irrigation schemes- application of water to soil, caused salinisation in soil and life loss.
  • state owned enterprises- buisnesses nationalised in 1956, prices set by state.
29
Q

what were backyard furnaces?

A
  • the people produce steel, as targets not met conventionally-due to water conservancy success
  • 100m peasants mobilised
  • in oct 1958 49% of china’s steel was made by local furnaces.
  • strain on food and education.steel useless and buried, bad ecological effects.
30
Q

results of the 2nd 5YP

A
  1. success= coal in 1957 is 131 mill of tonnes and 1964 200,some increases of output of raw materials, success of tiananmen square in bejing
  2. failure= manufacturing goods failed alarmingly.by 1962 half amount of industrial goods deployment of manpower over planning.basics often neglected.lack necessary managerial know how.
31
Q

aims 3rd 5YP

A
  • Communes and inefficient projects broken up
  • retreat from GLF
  • .realistic targets
  • end to the persecution of rightists
  • pragmatic approach from chen yun
32
Q

features of the 3rd 5YP

A

-Decisive shift from centralised control
-targets reviewed annually, financial incentives .
- led by pragmatists deng and lin

33
Q

results of the 3rd 5YP

A
  • Success-agricultural production reverted to 1957 levels+oil and gas production ,manufactured good in greater quantities exploded own atom bomb

Mao was reluctant to accent the improvements were because of the retreat from the GLF he described it as revisionism,went against ideology.

34
Q

the lushan conference 1959

A
  • at a party conference, minister of defence peng dehaui had doubts about grain production, mao accused him of conspiring with kruschev .
  • he is replaced with lin biao
  • sent a message of no criticism towards mao

china flashcards (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions