culture Flashcards
1
Q
What did Clause Six of the Communist Common Program promise?
A
Equal treatment and elimination of the feudal past
It aimed to dismantle hierarchical family structures influenced by Confucian values.
2
Q
What were the Confucian values mentioned in the text?
A
Obedience to parents and elders
These values encouraged a bourgeois mindset characterized by materialism.
3
Q
What was the practice of Foot Binding?
A
Breaking toes of girls and binding them to 3 inches
It was seen as a sign of beauty and distinction, restricting women’s movement, and was outlawed in 1911.
4
Q
What changes did the new marriage law bring?
A
Respect for women, voluntary marriage, and registration of marriages
Mao condemned the traditional marriage system and outlawed arranged marriages and dowries.
5
Q
What provisions were made regarding divorce under the new marriage law?
A
Divorce was available on equal terms and had to be registered
Women retained property they had before marriage.
6
Q
What practices were outlawed by the new marriage law?
A
Concubinage and polygamy
Although parents had less power over women, the state replaced them in authority.
7
Q
What was the significance of the land distribution program in 1950?
A
It advanced women’s emancipation by allowing them to own land in their own name
This program was part of broader social reforms aimed at improving women’s rights.
8
Q
What was the status of women in pre-1949 China?
A
Patriarchal society based on Confucian values where women had to obey men.
9
Q
What significant change occurred for women following the 1911 revolution?
A
Women gained more rights.
10
Q
What did Clause Six of the Communist Common Program promise?
A
Equal treatment and the elimination of the feudal past.
11
Q
What was foot binding and when was it outlawed?
A
A practice of breaking girls’ toes and binding their feet to 3 inches, outlawed in 1911.
12
Q
What was the impact of the marriage law introduced after 1949?
A
Women were to be treated with respect, marriages had to be freely entered, and practices like arranged marriage and dowries were outlawed.
13
Q
What was a significant outcome of the land distribution program in 1950 for women?
A
Women were able to own land in their own name.
14
Q
What was the effect of collectivization on women’s land ownership?
A
Women lost land ownership due to collectivization.
15
Q
What was the impact of the Great Leap Forward on women’s work and pay?
A
Women earned fewer work points due to lower productive capacity and faced traditional beliefs from cadres.
16
Q
What happened to women’s rights during the famine years?
A
Women were treated worse, had less food, and faced increased rates of prostitution and divorce.
17
Q
How did the workforce participation of women change post-1949?
A
Women in the workforce quadrupled but still made up only ⅓ of the workforce.
18
Q
What was the role of female Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution?
A
They were accepted only if they exhibited violent behavior, losing their identity as women.
19
Q
What were the implications of the population policy introduced in 1971?
A
It aimed to reduce the birth rate to 2% and pressured mothers into having two children.
20
Q
What was the literacy rate in China by 1964, and what was the initial rate in 1949?
A
Literacy rate rose from 20% in 1949 to 64% in 1964.
21
Q
What was the purpose of the ‘barefoot doctors’ program?
A
To provide rudimentary healthcare and prevent endemic diseases in rural areas.
22
Q
What was the outcome of the 1952 Patriotic Health Campaign?
A
Linked dirt and disease, leading to improved hygiene and health in the peasantry.
23
Q
What cultural changes occurred during the Communist regime?
A
Imposition of proletarian culture, destruction of Confucian values, and censorship of artistic expression.
24
Q
How did the regime view religion?
A
As a tool that gave the masses hope and was seen as unnecessary after the removal of oppressors.
25
What happened to Tibetan Buddhism under Communist rule?
Persecution intensified, and Tibetan nationalism was seen as a threat.
26
What was the significance of the Red Guards' attack on the 'Four Olds'?
It aimed to eliminate old customs, culture, habits, and ideas.
27
What was the role of Jiang Qing in cultural policy?
Strict control and censorship of culture, promoting works that aligned with Communist themes.
28
What was the primary focus of education reforms post-1949?
To create a literate population for economic progress and propaganda.
29
Fill in the blank: The literacy rate rose from ______ in 1949 to 64% in 1964.
20%
30
True or False: The Great Leap Forward improved women's economic status.
False
31
What was the impact of collectivization on women's ownership of land?
Land ownership was short-lived and taken away by collectivization
## Footnote
Collectivization aimed to redistribute land but often resulted in women losing their rights to land ownership.
32
How did collectivization affect women's roles in the household?
It was meant to free women from household drudgery but did not achieve this goal
## Footnote
Traditional gender roles persisted despite the intentions of collectivization.
33
Why did men earn more work points compared to women?
Men earned more work points because women's productive capacity was considered lower
## Footnote
This disparity reflected traditional beliefs about gender roles.
34
How did cadres' beliefs affect women during collectivization?
Cadres held traditional beliefs and did not tolerate women's absence due to pregnancy
## Footnote
This led to further discrimination against women in the workforce.
35
What happened to women during the years of famine?
Women were treated worse, faced food scarcity, and had to decide if they or their children would eat
## Footnote
The famine exacerbated existing gender inequalities.
36
What were some consequences of famine for women?
Women were driven into prostitution, divorce rates rose by 60%, and there was wife selling
## Footnote
The famine led to severe social and economic pressures on women.
37
What argument can be made about children during the famine?
It can be argued that children suffered more than women
## Footnote
The prioritization of resources often left children in vulnerable situations.
38
What was the status of women in the workforce after collectivization?
Women in the workforce quadrupled but still constituted only ⅓ of the workforce
## Footnote
Despite increased participation, women remained underrepresented.
39
What was the role of propaganda regarding women's issues?
Propaganda supported women's issues
## Footnote
It aimed to promote gender equality but often failed in practice.
40
How were female Red Guards accepted in society?
Female Red Guards were only accepted by being as violent as their male counterparts
## Footnote
This acceptance often required them to lose their identity as women.
41
What was the public's stance on gender inequality during this period?
The people's daily condemned gender inequality
## Footnote
There was a societal acknowledgment of the issue, but systemic change was slow.
42
What was integral to the religion in the Muslim provinces of the far west?
Arranged marriages
## Footnote
Arranged marriages were a significant cultural practice within these communities.
43
What was the role of cadres in relation to changing attitudes about marriage law?
Use propaganda to change attitudes
## Footnote
Cadres were expected to promote acceptance of new marriage laws through propaganda.
44
What delayed the implementation of the marriage law?
Male resistance
## Footnote
Strong male opposition hindered the enforcement of new marriage regulations.
45
What initiative was taken in the early 50s to combat male opposition to the marriage law?
Step up in propaganda
## Footnote
Increased efforts were made to educate and persuade the populace about the new marriage law.
46
Who was trained to persuade acceptance of the new marriage law?
All China Women's Federation cadres
## Footnote
These cadres were specifically educated in the workings of the marriage law to promote its acceptance.
47
What was the attitude towards women's pay in agricultural work in areas where women had not previously worked?
Rigid attitudes
## Footnote
In these regions, traditional views on gender roles strongly influenced perceptions of women's work and pay.
48
How did women filling in labor shortages at construction projects affect attitudes?
Weakened these attitudes
## Footnote
Women's participation in labor during shortages challenged traditional views on their roles.
49
Who was Deng Yulan and what did she represent?
A female model worker who promoted women's rights
## Footnote
Deng Yulan was recognized for her contributions and advocacy for women's rights in Jehol province.
50
What were some problems associated with work points?
Problems with work points
## Footnote
Specific issues regarding the allocation and management of work points were significant in the context of labor and compensation.
51
What were the main victims of famine?
Kids
## Footnote
The famine disproportionately affected children.
52
What category did families fall into during this period?
The four olds category
## Footnote
This refers to old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas.
53
What was the impact of rustication on teenagers?
It created a lost generation
## Footnote
Rustication refers to the forced relocation of urban youth to rural areas.
54
What was the population policy introduced in 1971?
Birth rate should be reduced to 2%
## Footnote
This was a directive from Mao to control population growth.
55
What pressure did mothers face regarding childbirth?
Pressured into having 2 kids
## Footnote
This was part of the population control measures during that time.
56
What became more available during this period?
Contraception
## Footnote
Increased availability of contraception was aimed at controlling birth rates.
57
What was the literacy rate in China in 1949?
20%
## Footnote
This low literacy rate was a significant barrier to economic progress and propaganda efforts.
58
What did Mao need a literate population for?
Economic progress and propaganda
## Footnote
A literate population was deemed essential for the development of the nation.
59
What national system of education was established in the 1950s?
A national system of education was set up to improve literacy
## Footnote
This was part of the efforts to increase the literacy rate among the population.
60
What was the literacy rate in China by 1964?
64%
## Footnote
The increase in literacy rates was a result of the national education system established in the 1950s.
61
What was the literacy rate in China by 1976?
70%
## Footnote
The progress in literacy was slow due to the Cultural Revolution.
62
What percentage of the government budget was spent on education?
6.4%
## Footnote
This low investment reflected the government's priorities and challenges in the education sector.
63
What was the role of key schools in the education system?
They were part of the old elitist system with best teachers and reserved places for party officials
## Footnote
This system perpetuated inequality in education access.
64
What was the focus of higher education expansion in China?
Concentration on science and technical expertise
## Footnote
This focus was aligned with the needs of the economy.
65
Where did some Chinese students study before the split in 1959?
Russian universities
## Footnote
The split in 1959 limited opportunities for students to study in the West.
66
What is Pinyin?
A modernized phonetic Mandarin system
## Footnote
Introduced in 1956, it provided an alphabet for the Chinese language, facilitating communication and literacy.
67
What happened to education in China between 1966 and 1970?
Closure of schools and universities
## Footnote
Approximately 130 million students were affected, halting their education.
68
What prolonged the disruption of education in 1968?
Rutication
## Footnote
This policy further complicated the restoration of the education system.
69
What challenges did the education system face when schools reopened?
Difficulty restoring belief in the system
## Footnote
Teachers were attacked, and curricula were dismissed, leading to skepticism about the education system.
70
What were Zhou's Four Modernizations attempting to restore in education?
Practical education
## Footnote
These efforts were aimed at aligning education with the economic needs of the country.
71
What significant event occurred in 1950 regarding land reform?
Women own land for the first time
## Footnote
This was part of a broader reunification campaign.
72
What was launched in 1952 as a health initiative?
First patriotic health campaign launched
## Footnote
This campaign aimed to improve public health awareness and practices.
73
What campaign was initiated in 1953 to educate about legal matters?
Campaign to educate cadres on the marriage law
## Footnote
This was part of efforts to reform family and marriage practices.
74
What was established in 1953 for major religions?
National religious associations set up for all main religions
## Footnote
This aimed to regulate and recognize religious practices.
75
What significant agricultural change occurred in 1955?
Drive to collectivise speeded up
## Footnote
During this period, women began to lose land ownership.
76
By 1956, what was the status of collectivisation in villages?
Most villages collectivised
## Footnote
Pinyin was also adopted during this year.
77
What system was established in 1958 that drastically changed family life?
Commune system established
## Footnote
This system aimed to reorganize agriculture and communal living.
78
What significant events began in 1959?
Start of famine, Tibetan uprising, and flight of Dalai Lama
## Footnote
These events marked a turbulent period in Chinese history.
79
What happened in 1966 regarding education and cultural policies?
Red Guards attack the four olds, schools and universities closed
## Footnote
Jiang Qing was put in charge of cultural policy during this time.
80
What campaign took place in 1968?
Rustication campaign
## Footnote
This campaign involved sending urban youth to the countryside.
81
What was the focus of the propaganda campaign in 1971?
Restrict family size
## Footnote
This campaign aimed to control population growth.
82
What was the role of barefoot doctors in rural healthcare?
They provided rudimentary health help after six months of intensive practical study.
## Footnote
Barefoot doctors focused on hygiene, preventative health care, family planning, and common diseases.
83
What was one of the main goals of sending medical trainees to the countryside?
To end endemic diseases like cholera and reduce the high mortality rate in rural areas.
## Footnote
This was part of a broader ideological effort to stop doctors from having a bourgeois mindset.
84
What was the outcome of the barefoot doctor scheme?
90% of villages used the scheme.
## Footnote
The regime claimed to be providing the basic right of healthcare, and the WHO endorsed similar schemes elsewhere.
85
What was the focus of the 1952 patriotic health movements?
Linked dirt and disease for the peasantry through education like leaflets and film shows.
## Footnote
This campaign was part of a broader strategy to improve public health.
86
How did the germ warfare scare impact public health initiatives?
It exaggerated fears and helped raise awareness about waterborne diseases.
## Footnote
The scare led to initiatives like digging deeper wells for cleaner water.
87
What was the effect of discouraging the use of night soil?
It reduced disease incidence.
## Footnote
Night soil was a known cause of diseases in rural areas.
88
What was a significant improvement in public health as a result of these initiatives?
Life expectancy rose by 21 years.
## Footnote
This was due to various health improvements and interventions.
89
What ecological issue arose from the sparrowcide in the four pests campaign?
Damage to ecological balance.
## Footnote
The campaign aimed to control pests but had unintended ecological consequences.
90
What limitations existed in the healthcare facilities for the sick?
Facilities were limited, and only workers had access to treatment.
## Footnote
Rural county hospitals were available, but government spending on health was insufficient.
91
Fill in the blank: The barefoot doctor program aimed to provide _______ health care.
[rudimentary]
92
True or False: The WHO endorsed the barefoot doctor scheme.
True
93
What was imposed to protect the revolution during the remodelling of Tiananmen Square?
Proletarian culture
## Footnote
This was part of a broader cultural strategy to align with revolutionary ideals.
94
What cultural system was destroyed by land reform in 1950?
Confucian culture rooted in the land tenure system
## Footnote
This reform aimed to eliminate landlord power.
95
What was the purpose of communes in relation to propaganda?
Peasants watched propaganda films by agit prop groups
## Footnote
This was part of the effort to indoctrinate the rural population.
96
What did Chen Boda encourage Red Guards to do in 1966?
Sweep away demons
## Footnote
This referred to eliminating the Four Olds: old customs, culture, habits, and ideas.
97
What was Jiang Qing's role in cultural policy?
Censorship culture and strict control
## Footnote
Her policies were characterized by inconsistencies to accommodate her preferences.
98
What type of Western influence was banned under Jiang Qing's policies?
Western influence in art
## Footnote
However, oil paintings were allowed.
99
What was required of works created during this period?
Relate to contemporary Chinese themes
## Footnote
Artists faced severe restrictions and consequences for failing to comply.
100
What happened to artists who did not conform to the cultural policies?
Sent to labour camps
## Footnote
This was a punitive measure to enforce compliance.
101
What was the result of Jiang Qing's cultural policies?
No creativity
## Footnote
Her personal vendettas against actresses hindered artistic expression.
102
How many opera ballets did Jiang Qing commission about workers and class?
Eight opera ballets
## Footnote
These works were part of the propaganda effort.
103
How many times was the opera 'Taking Tiger Mountain' viewed in cinemas?
7.3 billion times
## Footnote
This figure highlights the opera's popularity as state-sponsored entertainment.
104
What was the only theatrical entertainment used in schools?
Radio
## Footnote
This reflects the restrictions on other forms of artistic expression.
105
What type of art did peasant women create during the Great Leap Forward?
Wall painting
## Footnote
This was part of the proletarian art movement.
106
How many novels were produced during this cultural period?
Only 124 novels
## Footnote
This indicates a significant decline in literary creativity.
107
How was religion viewed in the context of state control?
As a tool to give the masses hope to continue their drudgery
## Footnote
Authorities set up associations for each religion, allowing them to exist only if they were dependent on the state.
108
What was the relationship between Buddhism in Tibet and Chinese authority?
Buddhism and Tibetan nationalism were seen as a threat
## Footnote
Persecution was harder due to Tibet being a buffer zone for China.
109
What challenges did Buddhists in Tibet face during Chinese rule?
Persecution, language replacement, and systematic destruction of cultural practices
## Footnote
Mandarin replaced Tibetan language; mass uprisings were suppressed.
110
What was the outcome of the 1959 mass uprising in Tibet?
PLA suppressed the uprising, leading to violence against priests and nuns
## Footnote
Monasteries were turned into army barracks.
111
What significant event led to the Dalai Lama fleeing Tibet?
The 1959 mass uprising against Chinese rule
## Footnote
The uprising was met with severe military repression.
112
What was the impact of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) on Tibet?
Deliberate famine led to a quarter of the population dead
## Footnote
The famine was part of a broader strategy to control Tibet.
113
How did Confucianism clash with Communist values?
It was denounced and criticized by authorities
## Footnote
Beijing students ransacked Confucius' hometown as part of the backlash.
114
What role did Confucius play in Chinese culture during the Communist era?
He became an easy target for criticism since 1911
## Footnote
His teachings were used to criticize past practices.
115
Fill in the blank: Buddhism in Tibet was seen as a ______ to Chinese authority.
threat
116
True or False: The Dalai Lama remained in Tibet during the 1959 uprising.
False
## Footnote
The Dalai Lama fled to escape repression.
