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cultural revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between ideologues and pragmatists in the context of the economy?

A

Ideologues focus on rigid ideological principles, while pragmatists prioritize practical solutions and flexibility in policy.

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2
Q

Who were seen as ‘capitalist roaders’ by Maoists?

A

Liu and Deng.

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3
Q

What was the socialist education movement aimed at?

A

It aimed to counter the pragmatists and promote a collective economic approach instead of top-down directives.

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4
Q

What did Mao’s pragmatists criticize?

A

Mass mobilization and the need for a more conciliatory foreign policy.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The 7,000 cadres were critical of _______.

A

mass mobilization.

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6
Q

What was one consequence of the Cultural Revolution (CR) for Mao?

A

It provided an opportunity to eliminate his political opponents.

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7
Q

What did Mao believe about the ruling class’s attitude towards party membership?

A

He thought they did not want to tolerate a broader party membership.

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8
Q

Who was responsible for starting the wall poster campaign in Beijing?

A

Kang Sheng.

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9
Q

What was the role of Liu and Deng during the wall poster campaign?

A

They could not moderate the students.

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10
Q

What was Mao’s view of the new bureaucrats?

A

He viewed them as a self-satisfied elite that needed to be purged.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Mao aimed to center the _______ in the revolution.

A

peasants.

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12
Q

What did the Cultural Revolution signify for Mao’s political strategy?

A

It allowed him to regain political power and force self-criticisms from Liu and Deng.

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13
Q

How did young people relate to the concept of permanent revolution?

A

They had not experienced the Long March or Civil War, leading to a loss of revolutionary impetus.

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14
Q

What did Liu prevent that was related to the concept of permanent revolution?

A

He maintained central control over the movement.

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15
Q

why did the cr happen?

A
  • ideologues vs pragmatists, permament revolution, attacks on bureaucracy and divisions within the CCP
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16
Q

How effectively was the Cultural Revolution (CR) carried out?

A

Mao effectively manipulated youth through campaigns and rallies.

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17
Q

What was the significance of the youth in the Cultural Revolution?

A

The youth had dynamism and were mobilized by Mao through a personality cult.

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18
Q

What materials were used to promote Mao’s ideology among the youth?

A

Little Red Book and the diary of Lei Feng.

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19
Q

What did Mao’s call to students to ‘bombard the headquarters’ signify?

A

It taught them that revolution was virtuous.

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20
Q

What role did the Red Guard units play during the Cultural Revolution?

A

They provided career prospects and a sense of purpose for youth.

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21
Q

What were the Four Olds?

A

Culture, customs, ideas, habits.

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22
Q

What was the purpose of the ‘correction station’ during the Cultural Revolution?

A

To enforce new values by changing appearances and public symbols.

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23
Q

What tactics were used to instill terror during the Cultural Revolution?

A

Struggle sessions and random attacks on figures of authority.

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24
Q

What was the outcome of the Cultural Revolution regarding cultural sites in Beijing?

A

Two-thirds of 7,000 places of cultural significance were destroyed.

25
Q

Who intervened to prevent attacks on the Forbidden City?

A

Zhou Enlai.

26
Q

What was the conflict between the CCRG and the PLA?

A

They disagreed on the extent to which the Cultural Revolution should go.

27
Q

Fill in the blank: The mass rallies, particularly in Tiananmen Square, showcased the ______ of the PLA.

A

organisational role.

28
Q

What facilitated the transport of Red Guards to Beijing during the rallies?

A

Free rail passes and revolutionary tourism.

29
Q

What was the impact of infighting among Red Guard units in January 1967?

A

Mao intervened during the January storm.

30
Q

True or False: The Cultural Revolution led to the imprisonment of clergy.

A

True.

31
Q

Who were the key figures that saw the end of famine and Mao ceded power to?

A

Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

They were popular in the Politburo during this time.

32
Q

What accusation was made against Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping in late 1964?

A

Taking the capitalist road

This accusation led to attacks on them, particularly in Wuhan.

33
Q

What happened to Liu Shaoqi and his wife during the struggle sessions?

A

Beaten by a mob

Liu died in prison in 1969, and Mao intervened to save his wife’s life.

34
Q

Where was Deng Xiaoping sent after being purged?

A

Tractor factory in Jiangxi

His son fell from a window during this time.

35
Q

Who was Lin Biao, and why was he considered a threat?

A

Too popular; could become a military dictator

He combined political and military power.

36
Q

What was Lin Biao’s plan that ultimately failed?

A

Assassinate Mao

After being discovered, he fled to the USSR, where he died in a plane crash.

37
Q

What was the impact of Lin Biao’s ‘treachery’ on the regime’s credibility?

A

Made people question the credibility of the regime

This raised doubts about the stability of the Communist Party.

38
Q

What was the extent of the purge of the CCP in 1966?

A

9 of 23 Politburo members affected; 70% of regional and provincial officials purged

This led to 3 million cadres being sent to May 7th cadre schools.

39
Q

What was the purpose of the May 7th cadre schools?

A

Political study and labor

Many experienced torture while there.

40
Q

What was the January Storm?

A

Overthrow party leaders in Shanghai

The existence of the CCP was in balance as Mao allowed this and sent the PLA to run it.

41
Q

What was the impact of the capitalist roaders purge?

A

Justified attacking any enemy; focused in urban areas

Resulted in a fall in industrial production and eradication of capitalism signs.

42
Q

What were the consequences of the campaigns against capitalist mindset?

A

100,000 deaths; continued economic prevention

Foreign embassies were also attacked, including the British embassy in August 1967.

43
Q

True or False: The capitalist roaders purge led to an increase in industrial production.

A

False

It actually led to a decline in industrial production.

44
Q

What was the main reason for the winding down of the Cultural Revolution?

A

Restoration of order by the PLA and the need to end violence

The PLA aimed to avoid internal struggles and loss of their role in the revolution.

45
Q

Who was in complete control of events during the Cultural Revolution?

A

Mao Zedong

Mao’s control was evident as he suggested the PLA take action in February.

46
Q

What challenge did the Red Guards pose during the Cultural Revolution?

A

They undermined the army and damaged the economy and education

The PLA wanted to end violence and restore order.

47
Q

What was the purpose of the ‘rustication campaign’?

A

To ease unemployment and disperse the Red Guards

This campaign involved moving five million people to rural areas.

48
Q

What was the outcome of the ‘cleanse the ranks’ campaign launched by the army?

A

Purge of Red Guards and restoration of discipline

The campaign aimed to restore order amidst civil unrest.

49
Q

What were the ‘Four Modernizations’ advocated by Zhou Enlai?

A

Agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology

Zhou Enlai worked to restore credibility and modernize China.

50
Q

What significant diplomatic event occurred in 1972?

A

Nixon’s visit to China

This visit symbolized closer links with the West.

51
Q

What was Deng Xiaoping’s role after the Cultural Revolution?

A

He returned to power and focused on modernization and economic recovery

Deng had previously been purged but regained influence.

52
Q

Who were the ‘Gang of Four’?

A

A political faction that included Jiang Qing and was opposed to moderate politics

They attempted to maintain power after Mao’s death.

53
Q

What was the significance of Mao’s death in September 1976?

A

It led to a struggle for succession and a shift in political power

Mao had been in a comatose state since January 1976.

54
Q

What tactical error did the Gang of Four make during the power struggle?

A

They stayed in Beijing instead of linking up with armed supporters in Shanghai

This error contributed to their eventual arrest.

55
Q

What event galvanized Mao into picking Hua Guofeng as his successor?

A

The Tiananmen incident

Deng was blamed for the incident, prompting Mao’s decision.

56
Q

True or False: The PLA supported Hua Guofeng in arresting the Gang of Four.

A

True

The alliance with the PLA was crucial for Hua’s success.

57
Q

Fill in the blank: The military influence on political structures during the Cultural Revolution was primarily exerted by the _______.

A

PLA

58
Q

What was the impact of Zhou Enlai’s death on the political landscape?

A

It led to increased tensions and demonstrations against the Gang of Four

His death removed a stabilizing influence in the government.

59
Q

what was the cr?

A

an internal party purge that expanded into a mass campaign

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