cultural revolution

Question 1

What is the difference between ideologues and pragmatists in the context of the economy?

Answer 1

Ideologues focus on rigid ideological principles, while pragmatists prioritize practical solutions and flexibility in policy.

Question 2

Who were seen as ‘capitalist roaders’ by Maoists?

Answer 2

Liu and Deng.

Question 3

What was the socialist education movement aimed at?

Answer 3

It aimed to counter the pragmatists and promote a collective economic approach instead of top-down directives.

Question 4

What did Mao’s pragmatists criticize?

Answer 4

Mass mobilization and the need for a more conciliatory foreign policy.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: The 7,000 cadres were critical of _______.

Answer 5

mass mobilization.

Question 6

What was one consequence of the Cultural Revolution (CR) for Mao?

Answer 6

It provided an opportunity to eliminate his political opponents.

Question 7

What did Mao believe about the ruling class’s attitude towards party membership?

Answer 7

He thought they did not want to tolerate a broader party membership.

Question 8

Who was responsible for starting the wall poster campaign in Beijing?

Answer 8

Kang Sheng.

Question 9

What was the role of Liu and Deng during the wall poster campaign?

Answer 9

They could not moderate the students.

Question 10

What was Mao’s view of the new bureaucrats?

Answer 10

He viewed them as a self-satisfied elite that needed to be purged.

Question 11

Fill in the blank: Mao aimed to center the _______ in the revolution.

Answer 11

peasants.

Question 12

What did the Cultural Revolution signify for Mao’s political strategy?

Answer 12

It allowed him to regain political power and force self-criticisms from Liu and Deng.

Question 13

How did young people relate to the concept of permanent revolution?

Answer 13

They had not experienced the Long March or Civil War, leading to a loss of revolutionary impetus.

Question 14

What did Liu prevent that was related to the concept of permanent revolution?

Answer 14

He maintained central control over the movement.

Question 15

why did the cr happen?

Answer 15

• ideologues vs pragmatists, permament revolution, attacks on bureaucracy and divisions within the CCP

Question 16

How effectively was the Cultural Revolution (CR) carried out?

Answer 16

Mao effectively manipulated youth through campaigns and rallies.

Question 17

What was the significance of the youth in the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 17

The youth had dynamism and were mobilized by Mao through a personality cult.

Question 18

What materials were used to promote Mao’s ideology among the youth?

Answer 18

Little Red Book and the diary of Lei Feng.

Question 19

What did Mao’s call to students to ‘bombard the headquarters’ signify?

Answer 19

It taught them that revolution was virtuous.

Question 20

What role did the Red Guard units play during the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 20

They provided career prospects and a sense of purpose for youth.

Question 21

What were the Four Olds?

Answer 21

Culture, customs, ideas, habits.

Question 22

What was the purpose of the ‘correction station’ during the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 22

To enforce new values by changing appearances and public symbols.

Question 23

What tactics were used to instill terror during the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 23

Struggle sessions and random attacks on figures of authority.

Question 24

What was the outcome of the Cultural Revolution regarding cultural sites in Beijing?

Answer 24

Two-thirds of 7,000 places of cultural significance were destroyed.

Question 25

Who intervened to prevent attacks on the Forbidden City?

Answer 25

Zhou Enlai.

Question 26

What was the conflict between the CCRG and the PLA?

Answer 26

They disagreed on the extent to which the Cultural Revolution should go.

Question 27

Fill in the blank: The mass rallies, particularly in Tiananmen Square, showcased the ______ of the PLA.

Answer 27

organisational role.

Question 28

What facilitated the transport of Red Guards to Beijing during the rallies?

Answer 28

Free rail passes and revolutionary tourism.

Question 29

What was the impact of infighting among Red Guard units in January 1967?

Answer 29

Mao intervened during the January storm.

Question 30

True or False: The Cultural Revolution led to the imprisonment of clergy.

Answer 30

True.

Question 31

Who were the key figures that saw the end of famine and Mao ceded power to?

Answer 31

Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping ## Footnote They were popular in the Politburo during this time.

Question 32

What accusation was made against Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping in late 1964?

Answer 32

Taking the capitalist road ## Footnote This accusation led to attacks on them, particularly in Wuhan.

Question 33

What happened to Liu Shaoqi and his wife during the struggle sessions?

Answer 33

Beaten by a mob ## Footnote Liu died in prison in 1969, and Mao intervened to save his wife's life.

Question 34

Where was Deng Xiaoping sent after being purged?

Answer 34

Tractor factory in Jiangxi ## Footnote His son fell from a window during this time.

Question 35

Who was Lin Biao, and why was he considered a threat?

Answer 35

Too popular; could become a military dictator ## Footnote He combined political and military power.

Question 36

What was Lin Biao's plan that ultimately failed?

Answer 36

Assassinate Mao ## Footnote After being discovered, he fled to the USSR, where he died in a plane crash.

Question 37

What was the impact of Lin Biao's 'treachery' on the regime's credibility?

Answer 37

Made people question the credibility of the regime ## Footnote This raised doubts about the stability of the Communist Party.

Question 38

What was the extent of the purge of the CCP in 1966?

Answer 38

9 of 23 Politburo members affected; 70% of regional and provincial officials purged ## Footnote This led to 3 million cadres being sent to May 7th cadre schools.

Question 39

What was the purpose of the May 7th cadre schools?

Answer 39

Political study and labor ## Footnote Many experienced torture while there.

Question 40

What was the January Storm?

Answer 40

Overthrow party leaders in Shanghai ## Footnote The existence of the CCP was in balance as Mao allowed this and sent the PLA to run it.

Question 41

What was the impact of the capitalist roaders purge?

Answer 41

Justified attacking any enemy; focused in urban areas ## Footnote Resulted in a fall in industrial production and eradication of capitalism signs.

Question 42

What were the consequences of the campaigns against capitalist mindset?

Answer 42

100,000 deaths; continued economic prevention ## Footnote Foreign embassies were also attacked, including the British embassy in August 1967.

Question 43

True or False: The capitalist roaders purge led to an increase in industrial production.

Answer 43

False ## Footnote It actually led to a decline in industrial production.

Question 44

What was the main reason for the winding down of the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 44

Restoration of order by the PLA and the need to end violence ## Footnote The PLA aimed to avoid internal struggles and loss of their role in the revolution.

Question 45

Who was in complete control of events during the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 45

Mao Zedong ## Footnote Mao's control was evident as he suggested the PLA take action in February.

Question 46

What challenge did the Red Guards pose during the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 46

They undermined the army and damaged the economy and education ## Footnote The PLA wanted to end violence and restore order.

Question 47

What was the purpose of the 'rustication campaign'?

Answer 47

To ease unemployment and disperse the Red Guards ## Footnote This campaign involved moving five million people to rural areas.

Question 48

What was the outcome of the 'cleanse the ranks' campaign launched by the army?

Answer 48

Purge of Red Guards and restoration of discipline ## Footnote The campaign aimed to restore order amidst civil unrest.

Question 49

What were the 'Four Modernizations' advocated by Zhou Enlai?

Answer 49

Agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology ## Footnote Zhou Enlai worked to restore credibility and modernize China.

Question 50

What significant diplomatic event occurred in 1972?

Answer 50

Nixon's visit to China ## Footnote This visit symbolized closer links with the West.

Question 51

What was Deng Xiaoping's role after the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 51

He returned to power and focused on modernization and economic recovery ## Footnote Deng had previously been purged but regained influence.

Question 52

Who were the 'Gang of Four'?

Answer 52

A political faction that included Jiang Qing and was opposed to moderate politics ## Footnote They attempted to maintain power after Mao's death.

Question 53

What was the significance of Mao's death in September 1976?

Answer 53

It led to a struggle for succession and a shift in political power ## Footnote Mao had been in a comatose state since January 1976.

Question 54

What tactical error did the Gang of Four make during the power struggle?

Answer 54

They stayed in Beijing instead of linking up with armed supporters in Shanghai ## Footnote This error contributed to their eventual arrest.

Question 55

What event galvanized Mao into picking Hua Guofeng as his successor?

Answer 55

The Tiananmen incident ## Footnote Deng was blamed for the incident, prompting Mao's decision.

Question 56

True or False: The PLA supported Hua Guofeng in arresting the Gang of Four.

Answer 56

True ## Footnote The alliance with the PLA was crucial for Hua's success.

Question 57

Fill in the blank: The military influence on political structures during the Cultural Revolution was primarily exerted by the _______.

Answer 57

PLA

Question 58

What was the impact of Zhou Enlai's death on the political landscape?

Answer 58

It led to increased tensions and demonstrations against the Gang of Four ## Footnote His death removed a stabilizing influence in the government.

Question 59

what was the cr?

Answer 59

an internal party purge that expanded into a mass campaign