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Industry Flashcards

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2
Q

Industry: factors influencing location of industries: geographical factors: raw materials?

A
  1. located close to sources of raw materials when
    1. heavy and bulky raw materials
    2. raw materials which lose weight in the process of mfg
    3. raw materials cannot bear high transport cost, or
    4. cannot be transported over long distances due to their perishable nature
  2. Alfred Weber’s Theory of location of industries
  3. eg. Jute mills of WB, Sugar mills in UP, cotton textile mills in GJ and MH; Industries like Iron and steel located near sources of coal or iron ore (Jamshedpur, Burnpur, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai)
  4. Footloose industries: some industries like electronics use a variety of raw materials and the attractive influence of each separate material diminishes resulting in their location not really influence by raw material considerations, because a wide range of locations is possible within an area of sufficient population density.
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3
Q

Industry: factors influencing location of industries: geographical factors: power?

A
  1. eg. Iron and steel industry located close to source of coking coal; electro-metallurgical and electro-chemical industries like Aluminum industry are great users of hydro-electric power are located close to them
  2. Industries moved to southern states only when hydro-electricity was developed in these states
  3. TISCO plant at Jamshedpur, new Aluminum producing units at Korba and Renukoot (UP), the copper smelting plant at Khetri (RJ) and fertilizer factory at Nangal (PJ) are near sources of power and raw material deposits
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4
Q

TISCO: intro?

A
  1. oldest I&S centre in India
  2. 1907 @ Sakchi in Singhbhum district of JH
  3. capacity ~4MT of pig iron, 2MT of ingot steel and 3 MT of saleable steel
  4. DUbari steel works:
    1. a secound unit, located at Gopalpur (near Bhubaneshwar), planned because of shortage of space in Jamshedpur, but ultmately shelved due to resistance by locals and slow development of Gopalpur port
    2. utimately a 6MT plant was set up at Dubari
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5
Q

TISCO: iron ore?

A

Noamudi mines from Singhbhum district of JH

Gorumahisani an dSulaipat of Mayurbhanj districtof Odisha

these are located within 75-100 km from Jamshedpur

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6
Q

TISCO: coal/power?

A

JHaria coal mines, JH

Raniganj coal mines, WB

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7
Q

TISCO:

  1. manganese?
  2. Dolomite, limestone?
A
  1. Joda mines of Kendujhar district of Odisha
  2. Birmitrapur, Sundargarh district of Odisha
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8
Q

TISCO: water?

A

Subarnarekha river

Kharkai river

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9
Q

TISCO connectivity?

A

well connected to Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai by road and rly routes

NH-5 (Surat-Kolkata) and NH-6 (Chennai-Kolkata)

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10
Q

IISCo: intro?

A
  1. three plats at Kulti, Hirapur and Burnpur, in WB in 1864, 1908 and 1937
  2. brought under govt control in 1972
  3. Hirapur plant produces pig iron, sent to Kulti plant for making steel. Rolling mills are located at Burnpur
  4. produces ~4L Tonnes of saleable steel
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11
Q

IISCO: iron ore?

A

Guna mines in Singhbhum district of JH

also from Mayurbhanj district of Odisha

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12
Q

IISCO: coal/power?

A

earlier coal from Jharia but noe receives power from Damodar Valley Corporation

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13
Q

IISCO:

  1. managanese?
  2. Dolomite/Limestone?
A
  1. Birmitrapur, Sundargarh district of Odisha
  2. Sundargarh district of Odisha; Limestone also from Gangapur and Paraghat areas of Odisha
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14
Q

IISCO: water?

A

Damodar river, Barakar river

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15
Q

IISCO: connectivity?

A

The three plants are connected by Kolkata-Asansol rly line

Kolkata port nearby

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16
Q

The Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd: intro?

A
  1. First one to be set up outside iron ore regions, mainly formeeting defence requirements
  2. established as MISCO, Mysore in 1923 by erstwhle state of Mysore; brought under govt control in 1962
  3. produces ~2 L Tonnes of saleable steel
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17
Q

The Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd: iron ore?

A

high grade haemetite iron ore available from Kemmangundi mines in Chikmaglur, which is just 40 km away

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18
Q

The Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd: coal/power?

A

uses HE power from Sharavati Power project

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19
Q

The Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd:

  1. Manganese
  2. Dolomite/Limestone?
A
  1. Shimoga and Chitradurga
  2. Limestone from Bhundiguda, just 25 km away
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20
Q

The Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd: water?

A

Tungabhadra and BHadra river

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21
Q

The Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd: connectivity?

A

It is located on the banks of Bhadravati river in Shimoga district

lies on the main bangalore-Shimoga rly line

port facilities from Mangalore port

road: NH-13 connects BHadravati to NH-4 (Bn-Pune);

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22
Q

Bhilai Iron and Steel centre: intro?

A

one of the three steel plants set up under The hindustan Steel Ltd during the second FYP

set up with the help of USSR

set up in 1957 and operational in 1959

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23
Q

Bhilai Iron and Steel centre: iron ore?

A

rich Haemetite iron ore from Dalli-Rajhara range

However now it is depleted and new sources are

  • Rowghat Iron ore mine
  • Iklama mine
  • Boria Fibbu mine
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24
Q

Bhilai Iron and Steel centre: coal/power?

A

Korba and Kargali fields of CHH; also Bokaro and Jharia

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25
Q

Bhilai Iron and Steel centre:

  1. Manganese?
  2. Limestone/Dolomite?
A
  1. Bhandara of MH and Balaghat of MP
  2. Limestone from Nandini mines; Dolomite from Bilaspur
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26
Q

Bhilai Iron and Steel centre: water?

A

Tandula river

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27
Q

Bhilai Iron and Steel centre: connectivity?

A

is connected with Kolkata-Nagpur rly lines

NH-6 (Surat-Kolkata)

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28
Q

Rourkela Steel plant: intro?

A

situated in Sundargarh district of Odisha

one of the three steel plants set up under The hindustan Steel Ltd during the second FYP

operational in 1959

set up with the help of west German Firm, Krupps and Demang

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29
Q

Rourkela Steel plant: iron ore?

A

Sundargarh and Keonjhar districts

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30
Q

Rourkela Steel plant: coal/power?

A

Jharia coalfields and Talcher for coal

HE power from Hirakud Power project

31
Q

Rourkela Steel plant:

  1. Manganese?
  2. Dolomite/Limestone?
A
  1. Barajmda
  2. Baradwar and Purnapani
32
Q

Rourkela Steel plant: water?

A

Brahmani river

Koel river

Sankh river

33
Q

Rourkela Steel plant: connectivity?

A

loacted on main Nagpur-Kolkata rly line

port facilities at Kolkata

NH-6 nearby (NH-23 connects NH6 and NH2 on which lies Bhilai, Rourkela and Ranchi)

34
Q

Durgapur Steel plant: intro?

A
  1. in Bardhaman district in WB
  2. set up in 1959 with the help of UK
35
Q

Durgapur Steel plant: iron ore?

A

Bolani mines, Mayurbhanj

36
Q

Durgapur Steel plant: coal/power?

A

Jharia and Raniganj

HE from Damodar Valley Corp

37
Q

Durgapur Steel plant:

  1. Managanese?
  2. Dolomite/Limestone?
A
  1. Keonjhar
  2. Birmitrapur
38
Q

Durgapur Steel plant: water?

A

Durgapur barrage built across Damodar river

39
Q

Durgapur Steel plant: connectivity?

A

Kolkata-Asansol rly links

NH-2 also nearby

40
Q

Bokaro Steel plant: intro?

A

in the Hajaribagh district of JH

estab with collab of USSR

It is the largest Iron and Steel making facility in the country

41
Q

Bokaro Steel plant: iron ore?

A

Kiriburu mine, Odisha

42
Q

Bokaro Steel plant: coal/power?

A

Jharia coal field

HE from DVC

43
Q

Bokaro Steel plant:

  1. Manganese?
  2. Limestone/dolomite?
A
  2. Palamu, JH
44
Q

Bokaro Steel plant: water?

A

Bokaro is located near the confluence of Bokaro and Damodar rivers

45
Q

Bokaro Steel plant: connectivity?

A

NH-2

Kolkata port

46
Q

Salem Steel plant: intro?

A

produces special grade steel and is a major producer and exporter of world class steel

also has blanking facility to cater to the minting demands of the govt

state of the art tech and high automation, requiring less labour

47
Q

Salem Steel plant: iron ore?

A

present in the region itself

high grade iron ore with low Sulphur and Phosphorus content

48
Q

Salem Steel plant: coal/power?

A

HE from nearby Mettur dam

49
Q

Salem Steel plant:

  1. Mn?
  2. dolomite/limestone?
A

from the region itself

50
Q

Salem Steel plant: water?

A

not mentioned, I guess nearby Mettur dam

51
Q

Salem Steel plant: connectivity?

A

NH-7

52
Q

Vijaynagar Steel plant: intro?

A

at Tornagal in Hospet in Bellary district of KN

special feature of producing mild steel

53
Q

Vijaynagar Steel plant: iron ore?

A

Sandur range in the Hospet region itself

54
Q

Vijaynagar Steel plant: coal.power?

A

Kanhan valley in CHH and Singareni coal fields in AndhraP

HE from Tungabhadra Hydel project

55
Q

Vijaynagar Steel plant:

  1. Mn?
  2. Dolomite/limestone?
A

in the region itself

56
Q

Vijaynagar Steel plant: water?

A

tungabhadra

57
Q

Vijaynagar Steel plant: connectivity?

A

lies on NH-63

58
Q

VIshakhapatnam steel plant: intro?

A

first shore based steel plant in India

Most sophisticated modern integrated steel plant in the country

major export oriented plant

59
Q

VIshakhapatnam steel plant: iron ore?

A

Bailadila area of CHH

60
Q

VIshakhapatnam steel plant: coal/power?

A

well connected to coal fields of Damodar valley

Metallurgical coal is also imported from Australia

plans for natural gas from Krishna Godavari basin

61
Q

VIshakhapatnam steel plant:

  1. Mn?
  2. dolomite/limestone?
A

supplies from nearby regions in CHH, MP and Odisha

62
Q

VIshakhapatnam steel plant: water?

A

lies on coast

63
Q

VIshakhapatnam steel plant: connectivity?

A

lies on NH-5

first shore based steel plant in India

major export oriented plant

coastal location facilitated import of coal and export of iron and steel

64
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry: stats?

A
  1. US$41.7 billion by value and expected to reach USD 65 bn by 2024, and USD 120-130 bn by 2030; only 1500 cr turnover in 1980
  2. Contributes 1.72% to India’s GDP
  3. world’s 3rd largest by overall volume, 13th largest in terms of value.
  4. world’s largest provider of generic medicines globally, with 30% and 3.5% share of total global pharmaceutical exports by volume and value respectively to more than 200 countries and territories in 2021, including highly regulated markets of the USA, West Europe, Japan, and Australia (40% of generic demand in the US and 25% of all medicine in the UK). called ‘Pharmacy of the World’. However, India accounts for less than 1% share in the new molecular entity space.
  5. Growth rate @10%
  6. exports revenue was US$17.28 billion in FY18 and US$19.14 billion in FY19. reached 24.5Bn$ in FY21
  7. India has the second-highest number of US FDA approved plants outside the US.
  8. Indian pharmaceutical industry meets over 50% of global demand for various vaccines. India has exported more than 65 mn doses of Covid vaccines to nearly 100 countries in 2021. Presently, over 80% of the antiretroviral drugs used globally to combat AIDS are supplied by Indian pharmaceutical firms.
  9. presently abt 250 units in organizzed sector, 5 of them in public sector: IDPL, HAL, SSPL, BCPL and BIL
  10. Fixed dose combination (FDC) drugs (where two or more drugs are combined in a set ratio in a single dose form) is considered an innovation of India’s national pharmaceutical industry. FDC are being used in the treatment of diseases like HIV, for Parkinson’s disease and in contraceptive pills.
65
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry: APIs?

A

India is 3rd largest market for APIs globally, 8% share in the Global API Industry, 500+ different APIs are manufactured in India and it contributes 57% of APIs to prequalified list of the WHO.

India imports 80% of APIs from China. India now depends on China fully for these ingredients to make not only advanced drugs but also essential medicines like paracetamol, metformin, aspirin and a range of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin.

Aatmanirbhar Bharat

66
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry: FDI?

A

Up to 100%, FDI has been allowed through automatic route for Greenfield pharmaceuticals projects. For Brownfield pharmaceuticals projects, FDI allowed is up to 74% through automatic route and beyond that through government approval.

The cumulative FDI equity inflow in the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals industry is USD 18.5 Bn during the period April 2000 to September 2021. This constitutes 3.31% of the total FDI inflow received across sectors

67
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry: history?

A

post independence phenomenon: only processing and formulations were done in India and bulk of the drugs were imported

origin with setting up of Penicillin factory at Pimpri in Pune in early 1950s and establishment of INdian drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd with plants at Rishikesh and Hyderabad in 1960s

68
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry: PSUs?

A
  • INdian Drugs and Pharmaceutical Ltd (IDPL):
    • estab in 1961
    • plants at Rishikesh (synthetic drugs), Chennai (surgical instruments), Gurugram (formulation), Hyderabad (synthetic drug) and Muzaffarpur (drugs and chemicals intermediaries)
  • Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd (HAL)
    • estab in 1954
    • units at Pimpri in Pune
    • produces Penicillin, Strptomycin
  • Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd (BCPL):
    • estab in 1981
    • units at Maniktala (WB), Panihati (WB), Kanpur and Mumbai
  • Bengal Immunity Ltd
  • Smith Stainstreet pharma Ltd
69
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry: issues?

A
  1. Lack of capabilities in innovation space: India is rich in its manpower and talent but still lags in innovation infrastructure. Challenges in achieving innovation
    • Complex and protracted approval processes (nod for development of new drugs in India takes 33-63 months versus 11-18 months in developed countries).
    • Lack of robust process guidelines (Indian websites list 24 guidelines compared to over 600 at the USFDA).
    • Lack of transparency (the US has an established pre-submission process and a time bound stage-gate process).
    • Inadequate capacity/capability (there are considerable enhancements needed across regulatory bodies in India).
    • Limited governance (Indian authorities currently only track the number of applications and approvals).
    • A limited innovation mindset (India is risk averse compared to most global bodies, for example in the approval of clinical trials).
  2. dependence of other countries for APIs
  3. Hollowing Out: While India today is preferred low-cost producer and exporter of simpler off-patent formulations, the road taken is ‘hollowing out’ manufacturing (in raw material: API) and hampering the productive and competitive thrust of domestic firms.
  4. Quality compliance inquiry: India has undergone the highest number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspections since 2009; therefore, continuous investment for upgrading quality standards will distract the capital away from other areas of development and growth is reduced.
  5. Lack of stable pricing and policy env
  6. spurious medicines: Fake versions of high value and/or high volume brands.
    • in a study found that thousands of FDCs on the market made up of formulations never approved for marketing by the national regulator, the CDSCO, and that were likely to be more harmful than beneficial to patients.
  7. Price Capping
70
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry: Advantage INdia?

A
  1. Cost Efficiency: low cost of production and R&D
    • India has one of the lowest manufacturing costs in the world – lower than that of the U.S. and almost half of the cost in Europe.
  2. economic drivers
    1. high economic growth
    2. increasing penetration of health insurance
  3. policy support: IN June 2021, FM announced additional outlay of Rs 197000 cr that will be utilised over 5 yrs for pharma PLI scheme in 13 key sectors such as APIs, drug intermediaries and key starting materials
  4. increasing investments: FDI inflow in Indian pharma sector stood at ~US$ 18 Bn betn April 2000 and dec 2020
71
Q

Pharmaceutical Industry: suggestions?

A
  • India should look up to and invest in biotechnology. India’s biotechnology industry, comprising biopharmaceuticals, bio-services, bio agriculture, bio-industry and bioinformatics is expected to grow at an average rate of around 30% a year and reach $100 billion by 2025.
  • To ensure health security of Indian people, revival of R&D and public sector API manufacturers is necessary. For example, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) should be promoted to invest in R&D.
  • India needs user friendly government policy for the common man to establish small scale, raw material manufacturing units/ incubators in all states of the country to improve availability of raw materials to manufacture generic drugs at affordable rates.
  • There is a need for a functional testing laboratory in every state to fasten the work of specification of raw materials.
  • Skilled manpower from academic institutions can be achieved through continuing education programmes.
  • The regulatory policies need to be improved, especially in the area of patent, price control and to boost the pharma sector growth.

Indian Geography (13 decks)

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