Contemporary issues Flashcards
global concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
crossed 415 parts per million (ppm) mark fr the first time in recordings of Mauna Loa observatory
Mauna Loa observatory
is the oldest continuous carbon dioxide (CO2) measurement station in the world situated in Hawaii.
• The observatory is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) - Global Monitoring Division (GMD).
Keeling Curve?
Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory
T/F: According to IPCC SR 1.5°C, to avoid or limit any overshoot of the 1.5°C temperature goal, CO2 emissions will need to be phased out almost entirely by 2050
T
BIO JET FUEL?
- Recently, a Russian-origin AN-32 transport plane was formally fleet certified by DRDO to fly with the 10 per cent bio-jet blended ATF made from Jatropha oil.
- India’s first biofuel-powered flight was successfully tested between Dehradun to Delhi in August 2018 by Spicejet Airlines to ascertain the feasibility of biofuel powered flights.
- While developed countries like Canada, Australia and US have already conducted these test flights, India would be the first developing nation to experiment that.
- The indigenous bio-jet fuel was first produced by the CSIR, and Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun in 2013.
- Bio-jet fuel making involves a hydrocracking process (two-stage process that combines catalytic cracking and hydrogenation) with non-precious metal based catalyst developed inhouse at CSIR-IIP Dehradun
- Bio-Fuel will be produced only from non-edible oils that grow well in arid lands, in states like Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Telangana.
- this bio-fuel would be produced from Tree Borne Oils (TBOs) sourced from tribal areas and farmers, augmenting their income substantially
- Green Aviation biojet-fuels contribute around 80% reduction in the carbon footprint of the aviation industry and are a potential offset for CO2 emissions in the aviation industry.
Jatropha?
Jatropha is a plant of Latin American origin, which is now widespread throughout arid and semi-arid tropical regions of the world.
- It is a drought resistant perennial plant living up to 75 years.
- Jatropha seeds contain about 35% non-edible oil.
- Jatropha oil can be used directly in diesel engines, added to diesel fuel as an extender or Trans-esterifies to a bio-diesel fuel.
- Jatropha seed cake makes an excellent organic fertilizer with a high nitrogen content. It can also be used as a livestock feed.
- It is also used as an insecticide and fungicide.
CORSIA?
- Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
- CORSIA is the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) resolution for a global marketbased measure to address CO2 emissions from international aviation from 2021 to 2035.
- Recently, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) issued draft guidelines for aeroplane operators flying on international routes for implementation of CORSIA
- All civilian international operations undertaken by operators are covered by CORSIA with exceptions for humanitarian, medical and fire-fighting flights.
Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures?
- established by the Financial Stability Board in 2015 to develop a set of voluntary, consistent disclosure recommendations for use by companies in providing information to investors, lenders and insurance underwriters about their climate-related financial risks.
- published its recommendations in June 2017
- Following this, 20 institutional investors from 11 countries called as Investor Pilot Group, convened by the U.N. Environment Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) came up with a report titled, ‘Changing Course- a comprehensive investor guide to scenario-based methods for climate risk assessment that helps investors understand how to calculate the risk companies face from climate change.
- report has noted that it is important to consider climate change in strategic decisions due to the longer time horizons of their asset and liability management, as well as their exposure to equity and unsecured debt.
U.N. Environment Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)?
- It is a partnership between UN Environment and the global financial sector created in the wake of the 1992 Earth Summit with a mission to promote sustainable finance
- UNEP FI consists of 215 members from financial institutions, banks, investors and insurance companies among others.
- UNEP FI hosts its Global Roundtable every other year and has done so since 1994.
- UNEP Statement of Commitment by Financial Institutions on Sustainable Development represents the backbone of the Initiative.
- It is also a founding member of
- the UN Sustainable Stock Exchanges (SSE) initiative along with
- the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI),
- the UNCTAD, and
- the UN Global Compact.
Saffir-Simpson scale?
- Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating based on a hurricane’s sustained wind speed.
- This scale estimates potential property damage.
- Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage.
- eg. Cyclone Fani was Category 4
Cyclone Fani?
hit Odisha coast
Uniqueness:
- Place of origin: The in situ cyclonic systems in the BoB usually originate around latitude 10°, in line with Chennai or Thiruvananthapuram. Fani, on the other hand, originated quite close to the Equator, around latitude 2°, well below the Sri Lankan landmass.
- Lifespan: Tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal have a lifespan of four-seven days, whereas Fani traveled longer which allowed it to gather a lot of moisture and momentum, resulting in strong winds.
- Fani was initially headed north-westwards, towards the Tamil Nadu coast but changed its course midway and moved northeast away from the coastline to reach Odisha. The recurve it has taken gave it more time over the sea and has ensured that it has gathered unusual strength.
- Strength: Most cyclones that generate exclusively in the BoB become relatively weaker by the time they reach the Indian landmass. Cyclone Fani made a landfall in Odisha with wind speeds of more than 170 km/h.
- Timing: It started developing in April, a month that has historically seen very few cyclones of extremely severe category. According to the IMD, in the past 126 years (1891-2017) only 14 severe tropical cyclones have formed in April over the Bay of Bengal. Out of those, only one storm crossed the Indian mainland
T/F: Cyclones emerging in April-May usually are much stronger than those during October-December.
F
weaker
more cyclones are generated in the Bay of Bengal and cyclones here have also been more severe than the one generated over the Arabian Sea. Why?
- The Bay of Bengal receives higher rainfall and constant inflow of fresh water from the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. This means that the Bay’s surface water keeps getting refreshed, making it impossible for the warm water to mix with the cooler water below, making it ideal for a depression.
- On the other hand, the Arabian Sea receives stronger winds that help dissipate the heat, and the lack of constant fresh water supply helps the warm water mix with the cool water, reducing the temperature.
Naming of cyclone in Indian Ocean?
- World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) started the tropical cyclone naming system in 2000.
- Eight north Indian Ocean countries — Bangladesh, India, the Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand, gave eight names each which was combined into a list of 64 names.
Global Assessment Report?
by UN Office fr Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
Findings:
- Threat to Asia-Pacific: Asia Pacific region accounts for 40% of the global economic losses due to extreme climate changes, with the greatest impact in the largest economies of Japan, China, Korea and India.
- Miniscule Investment: About $5.2 billion was spent on reducing disaster risk between 2005 and 2017, representing just 3.8% of total humanitarian spending
- Economic losses to the extent of 4% of GDP annually are projected if countries don’t invest in DRR.
- Regional Variation: Human losses and asset losses relative to GDP tend to be higher in the countries with the least capacity to prepare, finance and respond to disasters and climate change
- Increasing Social Divide: Disasters may exacerbate conflict by placing additional stressors on fatigued governance systems and fuelling existing divides
- Spiral Effect: There is a high potential for one type of disaster to produce or exacerbate another
- Displacement of People: About 265 million people have been displaced by disasters since 2008, which is more than three times as many as those forced from their homes by conflicts and violence
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)?
- UNDRR was established in 1999, as part of the United Nations Secretariat.
- It serves as the focal point for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional organizations and activities in socio-economic and humanitarian fields.
- It supports the implementation, follow-up and review of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: To reduce disaster deaths economic losses and strengthen risk governance by building resilience and investing in early warning system.
- The GAR (GLobal assessment report) is published biennially by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
Sasakawa Award?
- UNDRR confers this award during sessions of Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (GPDRR)
- GPDRR is a biennial multi-stakeholder forum established by the UN General Assembly to review progress, share knowledge and discuss the latest developments and trends in reducing disaster risk.
- United Nations Sasakawa Award is the most prestigious international award in the area of Disaster Risk Management.
- during 6th session of GPDRR, Sasakama award was awarded to Dr. Pramod Kmar Mishra
Anthropocene Epoch?
- Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) has voted in favour of designating a new geological epoch; finally to be decided by International Commission on Stratigraphy, which oversees the official geologic time chart. signals the end of the Holocene epoch, which began 12,000 to 11,600 years ago.
- term ‘Anthropocene’ was coined in 2000 by Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer
- phenomena associated with the Anthropocene include:
- Rising global temperatures, sea levels,
- depleting ozone layer
- acidifying oceans
- an order-of-magnitude increase in erosion and sediment transport associated with urbanisation and agriculture
- marked and abrupt anthropogenic perturbations of the cycles of elements such as carbon
- proliferation and global dispersion of many new ‘minerals’ and ‘rocks’ including concrete, fly ash and plastics, and the myriad ‘technofossils’ produced from these and other materials
- focus is now on identifying a definitive geologic marker or golden spike (technically called Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point) to signal the beginning of the Anthropocene Epoch. The golden spike must be present globally and should be a part of deposits for geological record.
- According to experts, the new epoch should begin about 1950 and was likely to be defined by the radioactive elements dispersed across the planet by nuclear bomb tests, although an array of other signals, including plastic pollution, soot from power stations, concrete, and even the bones left by the global proliferation of the domestic chicken were now under consideration.
Basel Convention ?
- on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal
- adopted in 1989 and entered into force on 5 May 1992
- created to address concerns over the management, disposal, and transboundary movement of the estimated 400 million tonnes of hazardous wastes that are produced worldwide each year
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key principles: hazardous wastes should be:
- reduced to a minimum;
- minimized at the source;
- managed in an environmentally sound manner; and
- treated and disposed of as close as possible to their source of generation.
-
scope:
- ‘hazardous wastes’ defined based on their origin and/or composition and their characterestics; in Annex I of the convention; these are subject to control procedures of the convention
- ‘other wastes’: household wastes and incinerator ash; Annex II; require special consideration
- includes waste slike Biomedical wastes, used oils, used lead acid batteries, POPs wastes, PCBs etc.
- does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste
- 186 states and the European Union are parties to the Convention. Haiti and the USA have signed the Convention but not ratified it
- incidents that led to it: Khian sea waste disposal incident; 1988 Koko case; these cases deemed as ‘Toxic colonialism’
- The 1995 Basel Ban Amendment, a global waste dumping prohibition, has become an international law after Croatia (97th country to ratify) ratified it on September 6, 2019. (refer Sept week2)
Rotterdam Convention?
- on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure (PIC) for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
- adopted in September 1998 and entered into force on 24 February 2004
- jointly administered by FAO and UNEP
- creates legally-binding obligations for the implementation of the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure.
- obj:
- environmentally sound use of those hazardous chemicals
- facilitating information exchange about their characteristics
- roviding for a national decision-making process on their import and export
- disseminating these decisions to parties.
- calls on exporters of hazardous chemicals to use proper labeling, include directions on safe handling, and inform purchasers of any known restrictions or bans
- Signatory nations can decide whether to allow or ban the importation of chemicals listed in the treaty, and exporting countries are obliged to make sure that producers within their jurisdiction comply.
- annex III chemicals: those that are banned or severely restricted fr health or env reasons by two or more parties and which COP has decided to subject to PIC procedures; includes 32 pesticides and 11 industrial chemicals
Stockholm Convention?
- on POPs (Persistent Organic POllutants); POPs become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts
- adopted in May 2001 and entered into force on 17 May 2004
- India had ratified the Stockholm Convention on January 13, 2006 as per Article 25(4), which enabled it to keep itself in a default “opt-out” position such that amendments in various Annexes of the convention cannot be enforced on it unless an instrument of ratification/ acceptance/ approval or accession is explicitly deposited with UN depositary.
- It calls for international action on three categories of POPs: pesticides (like DDT; Endosulfan was added later), industrial chemicals, and unintentionally produced POPs
- Key provisions:
- Elimination (POPs in annex A);
- Restriction (POPs in annex B) &
- Reduction or elimination (unintentionally produced POPs in annex C)
- It requires parties to prevent the development of new POPs and promote best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) for replacing existing POPs
- It initially addressed 12 substances (known as “the dirty dozen”), but now 30 chemicals of global concern are listed under it, including Dicofol and PFOA.
- Is it legally binding?
Yes. Article 16 of the Convention requires that effectiveness of the measures adopted by the Convention is evaluated in regular intervals. - Other Conventions dealing with POPs:
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollutants (LRTAP), Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). - Recent developments:
- The Union Cabinet, in 2021, approved the Ratification of seven chemicals listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). These are:
-
Chlordecone.
2. Hexabromobiphenyl.
3. Hexabromodiphenyl ether and Heptabromodiphenylether.
4. Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and Pentabromodiphenyl ether.
5. Pentachlorobenzene.
6. Hexabromocyclododecane.
7. Hexachlorobutadiene.- The Cabinet has also delegated its powers to ratify chemicals under the Stockholm Convention to the Union Ministers of External Affairs (MEA) and Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in respect of POPs already regulated under the domestic regulations.
- Benefits for India:
The ratification process would enable India to access Global Environment Facility (GEF) financial resources in updating the National Implementation Plan (NIP).
COP meeting in Geneva?
COP meet of Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm conventions occur jointly
This yr (2019) at Geneva: Basel-COP 14; rotterdam- COP 9 and Stockholm- COP 9
COP meeting in geneva: decisions under Basel convention?
- Adoption of an amendment to include unsorted, mixed and contaminated plastic waste under PIC and improve the regulation of its transboundary movement
- The legally binding framework for reducing plastic waste means countries will have to monitor and track thousands of types of plastic waste outside their borders
- It would also empower developing countries to refuse plastic waste dumping. Even though the U.S. and a few others have not signed the accord, they cannot ship plastic waste to countries that are on board with the deal.
- Partnership on Plastic Waste was also established to mobilise business, government, academic etc. assist in implementing the new measures, to provide a set of practical supports
- It also adopted technical guidelines on environmentally sound management (ESM) of electrical and electronic wastes (e-wastes).
COP meeting in geneva: decisions under Rotterdam convention?
- Establishment of a compliance mechanism to assist Parties to identify and address gaps in complying with the Convention, with the aim of ensuring that governments have the information they need about hazardous chemicals to assess the risks and take informed decisions when importing chemicals.
- Two chemicals, the pesticide phorate and the industrial chemical hexabromocyclododecane were added to Annex III of the convention, making them subject to the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure, through which countries can decide on future imports of these chemicals.
COP meeting in geneva: decisions under Stockholm convention?
- Listing for elimination of dicofol and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts, and PFOA-related compounds under Annex A of the Convention, which obliges Parties to eliminate these chemicals from use.
- Dicofol is used as a miticide (kill mites) on a variety of field crops, fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and tea and coffee and is known to cause skin irritation and hyperstimulation of nerve transmissions in humans as well as being highly toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, algae and birds.
- PFOA is a widely-used industrial chemical used in the production of non-stick cookware and food processing equipment, as well as a surfactant in textiles, carpets, paper, paints and fire-fighting foams. As a substance of very high concern, it is known to be linked to major health problems including kidney cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid disease and hypertension in pregnancy.
Orangutan?
- Recently, India’s only orangutan died in Odisha’s Nandankanan Zoological Park.
- She was brought from Singapore to Pune’s Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park and later shifted to Odisha.
- Orangutans are one of the world’s three surviving species of great apes and are native to Indonesia and Malaysia.
- Considered to be among the most intelligent primates, they use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage and also play a vital role in seed dispersal in their habitats.
- Threats: Habitat loss, Human-Animal Conflict, Illegal wild life trade etc.
- IUCN: Critically endangered
- CITES Appendix I
PURPLE FROG?
- aka Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis
- could soon be designated as Kerala’s state amphibian.
- endemic to WG
- can be called as a ‘living fossil’ as its evolutionary roots suggest it could have shared space with dinosaurs almost 70 million years ago.
- It is also known as the ‘Maveli’ frog/pig-nosed frog, and spends most of its time under the soil, emerging for a few days each year at the start of the monsoons to breed.
- Unlike other frogs, it has a peculiar set of limbs and a pointy nose to survive underground.
- IUCN: Endangered
- EDGE (Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered) list: Ranked third in the list of threatened amphibians.
EDGE?
The EDGE of Existence programme is the only global conservation initiative to focus specifically on threatened species that represent a significant amount of unique evolutionary history.
• It was launched in 2007 by Zoological Society of London.
• The aim of the EDGE programme is to ensure that local stakeholders, government, in country and international conservation agencies take ownership for future survival of species.
• EDGE species are usually extremely distinct in the way they look, live and behave as well as in their genetic make-up. If they disappear, there will be nothing like them left on the planet.
• Ranking of Edge is based on the score calculated by combining the ED (Evolutionary Distinctiveness: Representing the unique evolutionary history survival in the species) and GE/IUCN Score (How close the species become extinct)
CHINKARA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY?
- Karnataka’s State Board for Wild Life has notified Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife sanctuary in Tamakuru District
- This will be the southernmost tip of the distribution range of Chinkara in India.
- The first wildlife sanctuary for chinkaras was established at Yadahalli in Bagalkot district (Karnataka).
- Karnataka is home to 3 species out of the 6 species of antelopes in India including black bucks, four-horned antelope and Chinkaras.
- Bukkapatna forest area is perhaps the only documented place in Karnataka for all the three antelope species.
- Chinkara gazelles survives in the dry habitats and does not require much water for their survival. They get their moisture from dew, eating vegetation, fruits and other similar sources.
Chinkara: IUCN status and threats?
IUCN Status: Least concern
• Threats-
o Residentials & commercial development
o Agriculture & aquaculture: livestock farming and ranching
o Biological resource use: hunting and trapping terrestrial animals
ITERATIVE EVOLUTION?
• Recently, White-throated Rail bird showed the phenomenon of Iterative evolution which means that the repeated evolution of similar or parallel structures from the same ancestor but at different times.
-
White Throated Rail has a flightless subspecies called Aldabra Rail that inhabits Aldabra. From Fossil records we know that white throated rail had another flightless subspecies on Aldabra, that went extinct when the island went underwater due to rising sea level in Pleistocene. Apparently when, the atoll resurfaced the white throated rail again lived there and evolved into the current Aldabra rail, that is anatomically very similar to the extinct sub-species. Thus, the evolution into this flightless sub-species was repeated, hence called iterative evolution.
• Presently it is the only flightless bird known in the Indian Ocean area, indigenous to Madagascar and migrating to Aldabra (Seychelles).
NOT ALL ANIMALS MIGRATE BY CHOICE CAMPAIGN?
UN Environment India and Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) of India launched an awareness campaign ‘Not all animals migrate by choice’ to be displayed at major airports across the country.
aims at creating awareness and garnering public support for the protection and conservation of wildlife, prevention of smuggling and reduction in demand for wildlife products
first phase of the campaign will focus on Tiger, Pangolin, Star Tortoise and Tokay Gecko.
campaign also complements worldwide action on illegal trade in wildlife through UN Environment’s global campaign, Wild for Life
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau?
- It is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change to combat organized wildlife crime in the country and was constituted in 2007 by amending the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
- It is mandated to collect and collate intelligence related to organized wildlife crime activities and to disseminate the same to State and other enforcement agencies for immediate action so as to apprehend the criminals.
- It also assists and advises the Customs authorities in inspection of the consignments of flora & fauna as per the provisions of Wild Life Protection Act, CITES and EXIM Policy governing such an item.
CLIMATE EMERGENCY?
- UK has become the first national government to declare an Environmental and climate emergency.
- The step followed 11 days of street protests in London by the Extinction Rebellion environmental campaign group.
- While there is no precise definition of climate emergency, this move will put the climate and the environment at the very centre of all government policy, rather than being on the fringe of political decisions.
- The UK is legally committed to an 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050 (relative to their 1990 levels) and was recently recognised as one of just 18 developed economies that have driven down carbon dioxide emissions over the last decade.
- Ireland became the second country to declare climate emergency.
- The development came after a Fianna Fáil amendment to the Oireachtas report on Climate Action was accepted by both the Government and Opposition parties without a vote.
ROOM OF THE RIVER PROJECT?
- One of the flagship projects of the Netherland government, “Room of the river” is to be replicated in Kerala’s Kuttanad, which remained submerged for weeks during Kerala floods.
- It is a flood mitigation initiative which is aimed at protecting areas adjoining rivers from routine flooding and improving water management systems in delta regions.
- Key concept behind the project: To provide more space for the water body so that it can manage extraordinary high-water levels during floods. The project involves tailor-made solutions for each River.
- Important measures of the project are:
- lowering the flood plain,
- strengthening and relocation of dykes,
- reducing the height of the groynes,
- increasing the depth of the side channels and
- removing obstacles.
- It will also improve the surroundings of the river banks through fountains and panoramic decks, for this the landscapes are altered in a way that they turn into natural sponges which can accommodate excess water during floods.
Kuttanad Below Sea Level Farming System?
- Kuttanad is a delta region situated below sea levels along the west coast of Kerala, known as state’s rice bowl.
- The Kuttanad Below Sea-level Farming System (KBSFS) is a unique cultivation system, as it is the only system in India that practices rice cultivation below sea level over 150 year ago.
- This system contributes remarkably well to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services including several livelihood services for local communities.
- It was declared by the FAO as a GIAHS (Globally Important Agriculture Heritage System
Nationla Afforestation and Eco-development Board?
- by MOEFCC in Aug 1992
- National Afforestation Programme is the flagship proramme of NAEB and provides physical and capacity building support to Forest development Agencies (FDAs), which are the implememnting agencies
Atapaka Bird sanctuary?
part of Kolleru Lake (AP)
identified as world’s largest home fr Spot-Billed pelican
Social Forestry?
- National Commission on agri used this term fr the first time in 1976
- also aims at raising plantations by common man to meet growing demands fr 5 Fs
- with this scheme, govt fr the first time recognised the local communities’ rights to forest resources and encouraged rurla participation in the management of natural resources
- launched in 1970s and 1980s
- can be categorized into 4 grps:
- Farm forestry
- Community forestry: govt to provide seedlings and fertilisers
- Extension Forestry: on road sides canals and railways , wastelands
- Recreational Forestry
Howevr, social forestry programmes were not successful as they did not provide sufficient benefit to local communities.
National Bamboo Mission?
- a centrally sponsored scheme with 100% contri frm CG
- implemented by Horticulture Deptt of Min of Agri
- obj:
- increase in area coverage
- enhanced yields
- scientific management
- marketing of bamboo and bamboo based handicrafts
- generatio of employment opportunities
- adoption of an area based differentiated strategy
CEPI?
- CPCB developed Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) to find out an Index value to characterise quality of the environment.
- algo accounts fr source, pathway, receptor, pollutant concentration, impact on human health and level of exposure
- considers pollution indices fr air, water and land
- CEPI score:
- >70 : critically polluted; detailed investigations and appropriate remedial action; In 2009, it had 43 clusters
- 60-70: Severely polluted; surveillance and implementation of pollution control
- <60: normal
Lighting a Billion Lives?
- LaBL is a campaign by TERI
- promotes the use of solar lanterns designed and manufactured on a decentralized basis
- has facilitated spread of mobile telephony with support frm DoT
- LaBL has successfully engaged pvt sector and CSR
- >100 women SHGs formed
USERS?
- Urban services Env Rating system
- project funded by UNDP and executed by MoEFCC and implemented by TERI
- aim: develop an analytical tool to measure performance wrt delivery of basic services in local bodies of Delhi and Kanpur
- Performance measurement tool was set up
- set of performance measurement indicators against set targets
Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) agreement?
- first ever PES agreement was signed between the Village Forest Development Society (VFDS) and the Palampur Municipal Council (PMC), Himachal Pradesh. Formalised in October 2010, it is a rural-urban engagement model for the sustainable supply of water and protection of the catchment area
- PES involve payments to the managers of land or other natural resources in exchange for the provision of specified ecosystem services over-and-above what would otherwise be provided in the absence of payment
- Stakeholders enter into PES agreements on a voluntary basis and are in no way obligated to do so.
- PES provides an opportunity to put a price on previously un-priced ecosystem
- services like climate regulation, water quality regulation and the provision of habitat for wildlife and, in doing so, brings them into the wider economy.
- ‘beneficiary pays principle’, as opposed to the ‘polluter pays principle’.
red Mud?
- bauxite residue
- it is a solid waste generated during Al prodn by Bayer process frm bauxite
- Global generation of red mud is >150MT; in India, ~9MT
- contains impurities like caustic soda
- six major constituents: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Na
- env probs:
- high alkalinity makes it extremely corrosive and damaging to soil
- Alkali seepage may contaminate GW
- storage requirement
- Alkaline airborne dust emissions
- can be useful in:
- treatment of acidic soils
- making crude and fine ceramics like tiles, bricks
- component of cement
- as a filler in rubber and plastic industry
- as pigment in paints
India’s Deep Ocean Mission?
- aims to explore the possibilities of deep sea mining, in the same way that space exploration was initiated 35 yrs ago
- wud be an integrated program with contri frm ISRO, DBT, DST, DRDO and ICAR
- focus on techs like under-waster vehicles, under water robotics and ocean climate change advisory services
- two key projects planned:
- A desalination plant, powered by Tidal energy, and
- a submersive vehicle that can go upto 6000m depth
- Advancements made-
- A First Generation Mine-site (FGM) with an area of 18,000 Km2 has been identified.
- A remotely operable submersible (ROSUB 6000) - capable of operating at depths of 6,000 metres - has already been developed and tested successfully up to 5,289 metres depth.
- Besides, a remotely operable in-situ soil testing equipment has also been developed for getting detailed geo-technical properties of the mining area at Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB).
- These technological developments were funded under an umbrella scheme of the government - called Ocean Services, Technology, Observations, Resources Modelling and Science (O-SMART)
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: intro? constitutional provisions for conservation of wildlife?
India first country to hv env in its consti
5th June 1972: UN Conference of Human Env in Stockholm: First Discussion of Env as an international agenda
Soon after Stockholm Convention, INdia adopted WPA
Constitutional Provisions:
● The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds was transferred from State to Concurrent List.
● Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife.
● Article 48 A in the Directive Principles of State policy, mandates that the State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
WPA,1972: pre WPA provisions?
- Beginning in 1887 fr protection of a few wild birds; subsequentlu some wild animals were added in 1912 and later some wild animals were added in 1919
- Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act 1935
WPA: provisions?
- Act provides for protection of wild animals, birds and plants and not domesticated ones
- Animals included in Schedule 1 and Part II of schedule 2 are given highest protection status
- Schedule 3 and 4 are also protected bt lower penalties
-
For wild animals in Schedule II, III or IV, chief wildlife warden or authorized officers can permit their hunting in a specified area if they have become dangerous to humans or property (including standing crops on any land).
- eg. Wild boars, nilgai and rhesus monkeys
-
Schedule 5: animals listed here are classified as ‘vermins’
- includes mice, rat, common crow and flyin fox (aka fruit eating bats)
- Act empowers Centre to declare wild animals other than Schedule I & II to be vermin for specified area and period.
-
Schedule 6: cultivation, collection, extraction and trade of plants listed in this schedule is prohibited
- eg. Red Vanda, Blue Vanda, kuth, pitcher plant, ladies slipper orchid
WPA act provides for the constitution of bodies to be established under this act such as?
the National and State Board for Wildlife, state wildlife advisory boards, Central Zoo Authority and National Tiger Conservation Authority.
MoEFCC’s proposed 2021 amendment to WPA?
In December 2021, the Union environment ministry announced a plan to amend the Wildlife Act.
● The Act has been amended several times, in 1982, 1986, 1991, 1993, 2002, 2006 and 2013.
Changes proposed
The proposed amendment is likely the most expansive so far in scope: it covers more areas of legislation, from trade in wild species to permitting filmmaking in protected areas and controlling the spread of invasive species.
Positives:
● The Bill increases penalties for wildlife crimes. For example, offences that attracted a fine of Rs 25,000 now attract Rs 1 lakh.
● There’s a new and separate chapter on regulating species involved in international trade according to the CITES treaty.
● The Bill prohibits possessing, trading and breeding species without prior permissions from CITES authorities.
● The Bill also recognises threats that invasive alien species pose.
Concerns:
- The Bill doesn’t include regional invasive species – some of which may be native to the country but invasive in some parts.
- The amendment Bill has no separate Schedule for species the Act classifies as ‘vermin’, so the Centre can directly notify such species and open them up to be hunted – including some of the species currently in Schedule II.
- The Bill also proposes changes to the Schedules. Foremost, it reduces the number of Schedules from six to four, to “rationalise” the lists. But the two main substitute Schedules that will specify the protected species are incomplete.
- The Bill will render the existing ‘State Boards for Wildlife’ defunct by replacing it them with set up a ‘Standing Committee’ of the State Board of Wildlife – headed by the respective state forest minister and 10 members nominated by the minister.
- The State Boards of Wildlife currently manage the conservation and protection of wildlife at the state level. The state chief minister sits atop the board and is supported by 20+ members, including of the state legislature, NGOs, conservationists and representatives of the state forest departments and tribal welfare.
- Under the proposed amendments, the commercial sale and purchase of elephants will no longer be prohibited under the Act. This clause is prone to abuse and can severely impact elephant populations by legitimising live trade of elephants.
Some of the common animals, birds which are part of Schedule I of WPA?
- Blackbuck,
- Cheetah,
- Gangetic Dolphin,
- Gaur or Indian Bison,
- Indian Elephant,
- Indian Lion,
- Indian Wild Ass,
- Lion- tailed Macaque,
- Pygmy Hog,
- Rhinoceros,
- Snow leopard,
- Tiger,
- Crocodile,
- Gharial,
- Great Indian Bustard.
Chronology of Global env conservation efforts?
- IUCN: 1948
- WWF: 1961
- UNEP- 1972
- CITES by IUCN in 1973 and adopted in 1975
- IPCC in 1988
- 1992 Earth summit that led to: UNFCCC, CBD and Agenda 21
- CBD led to Cartagena protocol in 2000, Nagoya protocol in 2010 and Aichi targets in the same year
UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)?
- Rio summit
- issues addressed:
- patterns of production incl prodn of toxic and posionous wastes
- alternatives to Fossil fuels
- public transportation to reduce vehicular pollution
- growing scarcity of water
- resulted in following docs:
- Rio declaration
- Agenda 21
- Forest principles
- Two legally binding agreements:
- CBD
- UNFCCC
- Later ‘Rio+5’, Johannesburg Summit and ‘Rio + 20’ at Rio De Janeiro after 5 yrs, 10 yrs and 20 yrs of UNCED respectively
Agenda 21?
- it is an action plan of UN related to Sustainable Development, as an outcome of UNCED
- it is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by UN, govts and major grps in every area
- extension of this action plan at local levels is called Local Agenda 21 aka LA21
- 21 refers to 21st century
UNEP?
- An organization under United Nations. (1972)
- The United Nations General Assembly elects the UNEP governing council members.
- Headquarter is at Nairobi, Kenya
- Earthwatch: UNEP keeps constant surveillance on environment, through this program
- Global Environment Outlook (GEO) published by UNEP.
- at Nairobi conference, worked on a draft agreement that was accepted at the earth Summit in the form of CBD
Earth Summit: outcomes? outcomes of these outcomes?
- UNFCCC: Climate change; led to
- Kyoto protocol
- Copenhagen accord
- Agenda 21: sustainable deveopment; led to
- RIO+20
- CBD: biodiversity: led to
- Aichi targets
- Cartagena protocol on Biosafety
- Nagoya protocol on genetic resources
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): objectives and protocols? funding? key guidelines for CBD parties?
It is a legally binding treaty adopted at rio summit with three basic goals:
- conservation of BD
- sustainable use of BD , and
- fair and quitable sharing of benefits arising from use of genetic resources.
- Protect biodiversity———->COP meetings, Aichi Targets.
- Safe use of bio-technology———–> Cartagena Biosafety Protocol
- Stop unfair use of Genetic resources————–> Nagoya Genetic Resources Protocol
Funding comes through an organization named as Global Environment Facility (GEF). GEF gets money from world bank, UN, various (rich) nations and trust organization, companies etc. GEF gives that money to finance many environment related activies including CBD and UNFCCC
- CBD acknowledges sovereign rights of states over their own biological resources bt also says that BD is a common concern of humankind.
- Parties of CBD are required to create National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAP)
- talks abt in-situ and ex-situ methods
- recognize vital role of women and NGOs in protecting biodiversity.
- talks abt funding and tech support frm developed countries to lower income countries, especially LDCs, small island states and developing countries with arid and semi-arid zones, coastal and mountainous zones.
- covrs BD at all levels- ecosystems, species and genetic resources. also covers Biotech
- It is based upon ecosystem approach
- Convention is based upon precautionary approach i.e. where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of BD, lack of full scientific certainty shud nt be used as a reason fr postponing corrective measures
Cartagena protocol?
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
- concerns the movement of LMOs (living modified organisms) resulting from modern technology from one nation to another.
- LMOs are defined under the protocol as living organisms that have a novel combination of genetic material secured from the use of modern technology.
- adopted in 2000 and it came into force in 2003. The protocol was adopted in Montreal in 2000 but is named after Cartagena, the original city in Colombia where the protocol was supposed to be adopted.
- Protocol has provisions for an Advance Informed Agreement (AIA) procedure.
- The AIA is for ensuring that countries are given enough information to make informed decisions before agreeing to import LMOs into their country.
- There are four components to the AIA:
- Notification by the exporter (This is a detailed written description of the LMO by the exporter, well in advance of the first shipment)
- Acknowledgement of notification receipt by the importer
- Decision procedure (Approve/prohibit/ask for more information, etc.)
- Review of decisions
- Cartagena Protocol also sets up a Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH) to enable information exchange on LMOs between countries.
- India is a party to the Cartagena Protocol (ratified in 2003). The nodal agency is MoEFCC
- LMOs are classified as the following under the Protocol:
- LMOs for intentional introduction into the environment – subject to AIA procedures.
- LMOs for direct usage as food or feed, or for processing – subject to simplified procedures which includes informing through the BCH.
- LMOs for contained usage (like bacteria for lab experiments) – these are exempt from AIA procedures.
- does not cover pharmaceuticals for humans addressed by other international agreements and organisations or products derived from LMOs, such as cooking oil from GM corn.
- The protocol is legally binding
- GM Food crops are within the scope of Cartagena protocol only if they are capable of transferring or replicating genetic material
- Protocol follows the precautionary approach
Nagoya protocol?
- Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS)
- covers genetic resources as well as Traditional knowledge
- adopted in 2010 in Nagoya, Japan. Aichi targets were adopted at the same COP.
- It is legally binding
- protocol will help both the users and the owners of genetic resources by creating better legal certainty and transparency in the following ways:
- It sets more predictable conditions for access to genetic resources.
- It helps in having a better benefit-sharing experience when the genetic resources travel outside the country of origin.
Aichi Biodiversity targets?
adopted at COP-10 of CBD at Nagoya, Japan in 2010
5 strategic goals and 20 targets
goals:
- address the underlying causes of BD loss by mainstreaming BD across govt and society
- Reduce direct pressure on BD and promote sustainable use
- improve BD by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
- enhance benefits to all frm BD and ecosystem services
- Enhance implementation thru participatory planning, knowledge mgmt and capacity building
Aichi Biodiversity targets: targets under Goal 1?
- making people aware
- integration into national planning and accounting and poverty reduction strategies
- incentives including subsidies, harmful to BD, be eliminated
Aichi Biodiversity targets: targets under Goal 2?
- rate of loss of all natural habitats, incl forests is halved and close to zero wherever possible
- ecosystem based approach to all aquatic stocks
- sustainable mgmt of areas under agri, aquaculture and forestry
- pollution, incl frm excess nutrients are brought to non-harmful levels
- invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritised to be managed
- anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems
Aichi Biodiversity targets: targets under Goal 3?
- By 2020, at least 17% of terresterial and inland water and 10% of coastal and marine areas are conserved
- extinction of known threatened species be prevented by 2020 and conservation status improved
- genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives be maintained
Aichi Biodiversity targets: targets under Goal 4?
- ecosystems that provide essential services like water, health, livelihoods etc. are restored and safeguarded
- increase ecosystem resilience and contri of BD to carbon stocks including restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems
- operationalise Nagoya protocol of equitable distribution of benefits
Aichi Biodiversity targets: targets under Goal 5?
- by 2020 each party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument and started implementing National BD strategy and action plan
- increase financial mobilisation for implementing the Strategic Plan for BD 2011-20
Methanol economy?
- low carbon, hydrogen carrier fuel
- can be produced frm:
- high ash coal
- agricultural residue
- CO2 frm thermal power plants
- breaking down Natural gas at high T by a process “Steam reforming”
- although slightly lower in energy content than petrol and diesel, can replace both petrol and diesel in transport sector, energy sector and retail cooking replacing LPG (partially), Kerosene and wood charcoal.
- Blending of 15% methanol in gasoline can result in at least 15% reduction in import of gasoline/ crude. In addition, it would bring down GHG emissions by 20% in terms of particulate matter, NOx, and SOx. it will also create close to 5 million jobs. Additionally, Rs. 6000 Crore can be saved annually by blending of 20% DME (Di-methyl Ether – a derivative of methanol) in LPG. Methanol cook stoves can result in a minimum of 20% savings for households in comparison to LPG.
- Bureau of Indian Standards has notified 20% DME blending with LPG and notification for M-15, M-85, M-100 blends has been issued by Ministry of Road.
- In 2018 Assam Petro-chemicals has launched Asia’s first canisters based methanol cooking fuel program.
- Under Indian Methanol Economy program 5 methanol plants based on high ash coal, 5 DME plants and 1 natural gas based methanol production plant in joint venture with Israel, are planned to be set up
- Currently, methanol accts fr 9% of transport fuel in China. China alone produces 65% of world’s methanol and it uses its coal to produce methanol.
Global environemnt Facility?
- It is an independently operating financial organization
- GEF is multilateral financial mechanism that provides grants to developing countries for projects that benefit global environment and promote sustainable livelihoods in local communities. India is both a donor and recepient.
- setup as a fund under World Bank in 1991. In 1992, at the Rio Earth Summit, the GEF was restructured and moved out of the World Bank system to become a permanent, separate institution. Since 1994, however, the World Bank has served as the Trustee of the GEF Trust Fund and provided administrative services.
- based in Washington DC, United States.
- addresses six designated focal areas:
- biodiversity,
- climate change,
- international waters,
- ozone depletion,
- land degradation and
- Persistent Organic Pollutants.
- GEF serves as financial mechanism to:
- CBD
- UNFCCC
- UNCCD
- Stockholm Convention on (POPs)
- Minamata Convention on Mercury
- India is both a donor and recepient of the Fund
Green climate fund?
- world’s largest environmental fund
- set up in 2010 under the UNFCCC’s financial mechanism to channel funding from developed countries to developing countries to allow them to mitigate climate change and also adapt to disruptions by CC. The decision to set up the Green Climate fund (GCF) was taken at COP 16 in Cancun on December 2010 and the GCF was operationalized in COP 17 in Durban in 2011. The GCF is head quartered in Songdo, Incheon City, Republic of Korea.
- It is intended to be the centrepiece of efforts to raise Climate Finance of $100 billion a year by 2020 (paris agreement)
- The finance is expected to meet the agreed full and incremental costs for activities to enable and support enhanced action on adaptation, mitigation (including REDD-plus), technology development and transfer (including carbon capture and storage), capacity-building and the preparation of national reports by developing countries.
- Fund is governed and supervised by a Board that will have full responsibility for funding decisions and that receives the guidance of COP. Fund is accountable to, and functions under the guidance of, the COP.
- MoEFCC India’s Nationally designated Authority fr GCF. NABARD has been accredited by GCF as the first Entity for sourcing financial resources from GCF for India.
- As of now, the Groundwater Recharge System Installation project in Odisha and the solar rooftop segment for commercial, housing and industrial sectors all over India are the only one in progress with funds collected from the GCF.
Special Climate change Fund?
- established under the UNFCCC in 2001 to finance projects relating to: adaptation; technology transfer and capacity building; energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management; and economic diversification.
- This fund was meant to complement other funding mechanisms for the implementation of the Convention
- The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has been entrusted to operate the SCCF.
Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)?
- established in 2001 to support the LDC work programme under the UNFCCC including the preparation and implementation of national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs)
- It is operated by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
- each LDC is eligible to access up to $50 million cumulatively from the LDCF.
Adaptation Fund?
- established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing country parties to the Kyoto Protocol that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
- financed with a share of proceeds from the clean development mechanism (CDM) project activities and other sources of funding. The share of proceeds amounts to 2% of certified emission reductions (CERs) issued for a CDM project activity.
- Adaptation Fund is supervised and managed by the Adaptation Fund Board (AFB).
Climate/Clean Investment Funds?
- CIFs) were designed by developed and developing countries and are implemented with the multilateral development banks (MDBs) to finance clean technology, energy access, climate resilience, and sustainable forests in developing and middle income countries.
- CIF is the only multilateral climate fund to work exclusively with MDBs as implementing agencies.
- Climate Investment Funds include the:
- Clean Technology Fund
- Strategic Climate Fund
- Forest Invetsment Programme: REDD+ objectives
- under WB
Global climate change Alliance?
established by the European Union (EU) in 2007 to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with developing countries, in particular LDCs and small island developing States (SIDS).
Alliance helps to ensure that poor developing countries most vulnerable to climate change increase their capacities to adapt to the effects of climate change, in support of MDGs
Forest Carbon Partnership facility (FCPF)?
- FCPF is a WB programme
- created to assist developing countries to reduce emissions frm deforestation and forest degradation, enhance and conserve forest carbon stocks and sustainably manage forests (REDD+)
- consists of a Readiness Fund and Carbon fund
- India is not a member of FCPF- neither a participant nor a donor
Biodiversity Heritage sites?
- Under Section 37 of Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (BDA) the State Government in consultation with local bodies may notify in the official gazette, areas of biodiversity importance as BHS
- BHS are well defined areas that are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems – terrestrial, coastal and inland waters and, marine having rich biodiversity comprising of any one or more of the following components:
- richness of wild as well as domesticated species or intra-specific categories
- high endemism
- presence of rare and threatened species
- keystone species
- species of evolutionary significance
- wild ancestors of domestic/cultivated species or their varieties
- past pre-eminence of biological components represented by fossil beds and
- having significant cultural (eg. sacred groves), ethical or aesthetic values and are important for the maintenance of cultural diversity, with or without a long history of human association with them.
- creation of BHS may not put any restriction on the prevailing practices and usage of local communities other than those voluntarily decided by them.
Biodiversity Heritage sites in India: names?
- Nallur Tamarind Grove in Bengaluru: a relic of Chola dynasty; gigantic trees
- Hogrekan in Chikmaglur: unique Shola vegetation and gras land; acts as wildlife corriodor betn Kudremukha and Bhadra WLS.
- University of Agri science’s GKVK campus in bengaluru: greenery as well as BD
- Ambaraguda in Shimoga: shola vegetation
- Glory of allapalli in MH: reserved forest
- Tonglu in Darjeeling: a medicinal plant conservation area
- Dhotrey in Darjeeling: a medicinal plant conservation area
- Dialong village in Manipur
- Ameenpur lake in telangana
- majuli in Assam
- gharial rehab centre in UP
Mangroves?
- They represent the littoral forest ecosystem
- Low lying areas of tropical and subtropical regions (Between 24 degrees North and 38 degrees South) are home to Mangroves. Other conditions fr their growth:
- avg temp of coldest month > 20deg C
- seasonal temp range < 5deg.
- not resistant to freezing
- generally need a fine grained substrate bt exceptions in mangrobes of papua new Guinea and kenya
- shores mst be free of strong wave actions and tidal currents
- need a large tidal range that ensures limited erosion and deposition of sediments
- need an appropriate mix of fresh and saline water
- The trees that grow in Mangrove Forests are generally 8-20 meters high. These trees have thick leaves.
- They have blind roots which are called Pneumatophores. These roots help these trees to respire in anaerobic soils.
- The seeds of Mangrove Forests trees germinate in the trees itself before falling – This is called Viviparity mode of reproduction
- Mangrove Forests trees project different types of roots:
- Prop – They are down into the water
- Air – They are vertically configured up from the mud
- Stilt – These roots emerge from the main trunk of the tree; also called adventitious roots
-
types of Mangroves:
- Red – Found along the coastlines
- Black – Major feature of such mangrove trees is their dark bark. They have access to more oxygen.
- White – Compared to Red and Black mangroves; they grow at the highest elevation.
- Mangroves are found in all coastal states/UTs in India. major mangroves in India are found at Sunderban, Mahanadi groves, krishna-Godavari, GJ, Ratnagiri, Goa, Cauvery deltaic and andaman-nicobar mangroves
- area under Mangroves have increased by 112 sq km as per state of forest report in 2015 as compared to 2013.
Critical wild Life habitats (CWLHs)?
- envisaged in Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
- This act defines the Critical Wildlife Habitats (CWH) as the “areas of national parks and sanctuaries where it has been specifically and clearly established, case by case, on the basis of scientific and objective criteria, that such areas are required to be kept as inviolate for the purposes of wildlife conservation…”. Thus, CWHs are absolutely free of human presence.
- The power to notify the rules to designate a CWH rests with Ministry of Environment and Forests. The State Government are needed to initiate the process for notification of a critical wildlife habitat by submitting an application to ministry.
- Before a critical wildlife area is notified, not only do the rights of the tribals and forest dwellers have to be settled, but also scientific evidence has to be provided to establish that people’s presence would adversely impact the wildlife in area.
- The free informed consent of the Gram Sabha must be given before any relocation of the forest dwellers is carried out.
Indian rhino vision 2020?
- Launched in 2005, Indian Rhino Vision 2020 is an ambitious effort to attain a wild population of at least 3,000 greater one-horned rhinos spread over seven protected areas in the Indian state of Assam by the year 2020.
- Seven protected areas are Kaziranga, Pobitora, Orang National Park, Manas National Park, Laokhowa wildlife sanctuary, Burachapori wildlife sanctuary and Dibru Saikhowa wildlife sanctuary.
- It is a collaborative effort between various organisations, including the International Rhino Foundation, Assam’s Forest Department, Bodoland Territorial Council, World Wide Fund - India, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
National Rhino Conservation Strategy?
- It calls for active engagement between India and Nepal to conserve the Greater one-horned rhinoceros.
- The plan said the single population of rhinos in Sukla-Phanta (Nepal), Valmiki Tiger Reserve (India) and Chitwan National Park (Nepal) and Dudhwa (India) is separated by the political boundary between the two countries.
- It asks for the management of the two population under the same protocol, instead of managing the two population separately.
- The plan calls for expanding distribution range as the occurrence of 90% of the rhino in one protected area is a cause of concern and conservation of existing and potential rhino habitats need to be made a national priority.
- (MoEFCC) has begun a project to create DNA profiles of all rhinos in the country as a subset of this strategy
first state in India to have a dedicated social audit law?
Meghalaya
some invasive alien flora of India?
- needle Brush
- Black wattle
- Goat weed
- alligator weed
- Prickly poppy
- Blumea eriantha
- Palmyra akaToddy palm
- Swallow-wort aka madar plant
- Dhatura, Mad plant, Thorn apple
- Water hyacinth
- Sleeping grass/touch me not
examples of indicator species?
- Stoneflies: indicate high oxygen levels in water
- mosses and fungi: indicate acidic soil
- greasewood: indicate saline soil
- Lichens: some species indicate low pollution
- Molluses: some molluses indicate water pollution status
- Tubifex worms: indicates non-potable, stagnant, oxygen poor water
- river otter: contaminants are biomagnified in them
- Sparrow: a stable sparrow pop indicates a healthy ecosystemf or humans in terms of air and water qlty, vegetation
Protected Planet?
online visual interface fr World database on Protected areas, a joint project of IUCN and UNEP
it is the most comprehensive gllobal database on terresterial and marine protected areas ; data has been compiled since 1981
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project?
- The concept of ICZM as a process for the management of the coast using an integrated approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone, including geographical and political boundaries, was born in 1992 during the Earth Summit
- ICZM aims to improve livelihood of coastal communities and conserve the coastal ecosystem.The ICZM plan involves identification of infrastructure requirmnts and livelihood improvement means in coastal districts. Conservation of mangroves is among the components.
- Other objective sinclude: reducing coastal erosion, reducing vulnerability to disaster, BD conservation
- It is a World Bank assisted project.
- It is being implemented by the Department of Forests and Environment with assistance from MoEFCC. Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) would be implementing the project the national level and state level.
- The National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM), Chennai, will provide scientific and technical inputs.
-
Four main components of the plan include National Coastal Zone Management Programme, ICZM-West Bengal, ICZM-Orissa and ICZM-Gujarat:
- NCZMP: will include mapping, delineation and demarcation of the hazard lines, and delineation of coastal sediment cells all along the mainland coast of India.
- ICZM approaches in Gujarat, Orissa and West Bengal: will support capacity building of the state-level agencies and institutions, including preparation of an ICZM plan for the coastal sediment cell, regional coastal process study, and pilot investments.
NGT: about and origin?
- established through NGT Act 2010 as a judicial-technical tribunal
- India became the third country in the world to set up a specialised environmental tribunal, only after Australia and New Zealand, and the first developing country to do so.
- NGT supersedes National env tribunal (set up in 1995 in aftrmath of Bhopal gas tragedy) and National Env Appellate authority (estab by Parliament; defunct later)
- NGT is mandated to make disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing of the same.
- The NGT has five places of sittings, New Delhi is the Principal place of sitting and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai are the other four.
- not bound by CrPC procedures but guided by principles of natural justice
NGT: structure?
- Tribunal comprises of the Chairperson, the Judicial Members and Expert Members. They shall hold office for term of five years and are not eligible for reappointment.
- The Chairperson is appointed by the Central Government in consultation with Chief Justice of India (CJI).
- A Selection Committee shall be formed by central government to appoint the Judicial Members and Expert Members.
- There are to be least 10 and maximum 20 full time Judicial members and Expert Members in the tribunal.
NGT: jurisdiction?
- has jurisdiction over all civil cases involving substantial question relating to environment (including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment)
- NGT also has appellate jurisdiction to hear appeal as a Court (Tribunal).
- it shall apply the principles of sustainable development, the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle.
- NGT by an order, can provide relief and compensation to the victims of environmental damage (including accident occurring while handling any hazardous substance), for restitution of property damaged, and for restitution of the environment for such area or areas,
- An appeal against order/decision/ award of the NGT lies to the Supreme Court. Though in reality its decision are being challenged in HC as well.
- NGT deals with civil cases under the seven laws related to the environment
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974,
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977,
- The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,
- The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,
- The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,
- The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and
- The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
- Note that NGT doesn’t cover WPA 1972, India forest Act 1927, forest rights act 2006 or any other state forest act
UNFCCC?
- signed in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development also known as the Earth Summit, the Rio Summit
- Convention’s ultimate objective is “to achieve, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner”
- Green Climate Fund is a financial mechanism under UNFCCC
- COP is its highest decision making body
- COP-3 in 1997: Kyoto protocol ratified by Marrakesh accords at COP-7 in 2001
- COP 8 Delhi Declaration focuses on the development needs of the poorest countries and the need for technology transfer for mitigating climate change.
- COP-13 in 2007: Parties agreed on the Bali Road Map and Bali action plan, which charted the way towards a post-2012 outcome.
- COP-15 in 2009: Copenhagen Accord drafted. Developed countries pledge up to USD 30 billion in fast-start finance for the period 2010-2012.
- COP-16 in 2010: Resulted in the Cancun Agreements, a comprehensive package by governments to assist developing nations in dealing with climate change.The Green Climate Fund, the Technology Mechanism and the Cancun Adaptation Framework are established.
- COP-18 in 2012: Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol is adopted. and launched a second commitment period to Kyoto protocol
- COP-21 in 2015: Paris agreement
Bali Action plan: highlights?
participating nations acknowledged that evidence for global warming was unequivocal, and that humans must make “deep cuts in global emissions”
nations pledge “policy approaches and positive incentives” on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries; and enhancement of forest carbon stock in developing countries This paragraph is referred to as “REDD-plus”
IPCC?
- IPCC is the UN body for assessing the science related to climate change.
- It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988.
- It has 195 member states.
- The IPCC produces reports that support the UNFCCC.
- IPCC does not carry out its own original research.Thousands of scientists and other experts contribute on a voluntary basis.
estimate of global forest cover?
As per FAO’s Global Forest Assessment 2015,
- global forest cover is ~4Bn Ha which is 30% of global area
- 10 countries account for 70% of global forest cover. These include
- Russia: 20% of global forest area
- Brazil: 12%
- Canada-9%….
- India2%
Amazon rainforest?
- ~6.7mn sq km
- across 9 countries: Brazil (60% of Amazon), bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, venezuela, Guyana, french Guinea and suriname
- highest biodiversity in the world- 30% of world’s known species. ~400bn trees of 16000 different species
- responsible for 20% of world’s oxygen turnover-> ‘Lungs of the planet’
- absorbs 2Bn Tonnes of CO2 per yr i.e. 5% of annual C emissions
- June to October-> dry season for Amazon forests
- In Aug 2019, more than 80000 fires- highest ever recorded
- As per NASA, it is one of the indications of positive climate change feedback mechanism, and these forests may become a net carbon emitter from current absorber by mid century.
Gondwana rainforests?
- in Australia
- are the most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world
- Collectively, the rainforests are a World Heritage Site with fifty separate reserves totalling 366,500 hectares
- Gondwana Rainforests are so-named because the fossil record indicates that when Gondwana existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today.
- largest Gondwanan rainforest in Australia is located in Tasmania’s Tarkine wilderness.
Forest conservation: global efforts list?
- provisions under UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol
- UN-REDD and REDD+
- Good Practice guidelines
- Forest Carbon partnership facility
- Forest Investmet programme
- GEF
Forest Conservation: provisions under UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol?
mechanisms of JI, CDM also encourgaes afforestation, reforestation and forest mgmt
UN-REDD an REDD+?
- Results based FInancial incentives are provided to Developing countries to adopt afforestation and sustainable mgmt of forest C stocks
- proposed in COP-11 of UNFCCC at Montreal by Coalition of Rainforest nations
- UN-REDD endorsed by Bali Action Plan
- UN-REDD launched in 2008
- It is the first global joint UN initiative on CC
- deploys support of three agencies: FAO, UNDP and UNEP
- note that these are basically applicable to only the Developing countries that are members to UNFCCC
- REDD+ decision taken at COP-16 at Cancun. It encouraged deevloping countries to develop a National Forest Reference emission level (REL) or national Forets referene lvel (RL) as a benchmark for assessing performance of REDD+ in terms of GHG emissions.
- REDD vs REDD+: REDD includes only deforestation and Forets degradation, while REDD+ also includes role of coservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest Carbon stocks
four requirements for a country to be REDD+ compliant?
- a national strategy or action plan fr REDD+ implementation
- A national forest reference emission level and/or reference forest level; voluntary for devleloping countries
- a national forest monitoring and reporting mechanism
- a safeguard info system to provide info on how safeguards are being addressed and implemented
INdia’s National REDD+ strategy?
- India is already complying with the UNFCCC decisions to be REDD+ ready
- eg. GoI has submitted National Forest reference level- historical avg fr 2000-08 i.e. -49.7MT of CO2eq to UNFCCC in Jan 2018-
- INdia has also prepared its National REDD+ strategy- in line with INdia Paris NDC, NAPCC, green India mission
- In its Paris NDC, INdia has committed to capture 2.5-3 Bn T of CO2 thru additional forest and tree cover by 2030
- INdia’s forests are a C sink fr abt 250 MT CO2eq which is 12.5% of INdia’s total GHG emissions
- India’s REDD+strategy presently covers all forest areas irrespective of legal status or ownership as well as Trees outside Forests including agroforestry, urban forests, plantations on wastelands. It doesn’t presently include grasslands, blue C and phytoplankton
Forest Carbon stock?
Carbon stored in the forest ecosystem
As per GPG, there are five C pools in a forest that contributes to Forest Carbon Stock:
- LIving Biomass: Above Grnd biomass
- LIving Biomass: below Ground biomass: live roots
- Dead organic matter: dead wood: either standing or lying on the grnd
- Dead organic matter: LItter: all non woody non-living biomass
- Soil: Soil organic matter: organic C in mineral and organic soils upto a certain depth decided by country itself.
good practices guidelines?
developed by IPCC in 2003 to provide a uniform methodology of Carbon stocks for assessment purposes for REDD+
Types of forests in India?
Tropical forests: two subtypes
- Moist Tropical
- tropical Wet evergreen
- Tropical semi-evergreen
- tropical moist deciduous
- Littoral and swamp
- Dry
- tropical dry evergreen
- tropical dry deciduous
- tropical thorn forests
Montane forest types (1000-3000m)
- Sub-tropical montane(1000-2000m)
- Sub-tropical Broad-leaved hill forests
- sub tropical moist pine
- sub-tropical dry evergreen
- Temperate montane(1500-3000m)
- wet temperate
- moist temperate
- dry temperate
alpine (>3000m)
- Sub-Alpine
- Moist Alpine scrub
- Dry Alpine scrub
Tropical wet evergreen forests?
- climate
- rf>250cm
- T=25-27 deg C
- avg humidity≥ 77%
- distinctly dry season
- characterestics
- evergreen
- lofty: 45-60m
- highly dense: sun light cannot reach ground
- multi-layered: variety of climbers, orchids
- very high BD
- where?
- Western sides of WG, south of mumbai
- in a strip running NE-SW across AP, Upper Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura
- A&N islands
- species-
- mesua, white cedar, hopea, jamun in WG
- Gurhan, chaplasha, bamboo in Himalayan regions
- commercial usage
- timber is fine grained, hard and durable; thereby high commercial value
- underdeveloped lumbering industry since trees are not in pure strands, very dense forests and lack of transport facilities
Tropical semi-evergreen forests?
- climate
- rf:200-250cm
- T 24-27 deg C
- characterestics
- less dense but more gregarious (open clusters)
- represent a transition from wet evergreen to deciduous
- buttressed trunks, rougher and thicker bark, heavy climbers less bamboos and abundant epiphytes
- where?
- bordering areas of tropical wet evergreen forests
- western coast
- Assam, lower slopes of eastern Himalayas
- Odisha
- Andamans
- species
- aini, semul, gutel, mundani, kadam in WG
- white cedar, INdian chestnut in Himalayan region
- commercial usage ———–
Tropical moist deciduous forests?
- Climate
- 100-200cm rf
- T ~27 deg C
- characterestics
- drop their leaves during spring and early summer due to insufficient moisture
- irregular top storey of different species, 25-60 m high
- heavily buttressed trees and fairly complete shrubby undergrowth with patches of bamboos, climbers
- Where?
- most common in India
- belt running along WG surrounding belt of evergreen forests both on eastern and western slopes
- a strip along shiwalik range including terai and bhabhar from 77o E to 88o E
- Manipur and mIzoram
- hills of eastern MP and CHH, Chhota nagpur plateau and most of Odisha, parts of WB
- A&N islands
- species: teak, sal, padauk, laurel, badam, rosewood, mahua
- commercial usage
- very useful owing to their valuable timber and other forest products
- comparatively easy to exploit these forests
Littoral and swamps?
- where?
- in and around deltas, estuaries, creeks prone to tidal influences
- while littoral forests occur at several places along the coast, swamp forests aer confined to the deltas of Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery
- mangroves: sunderban
- characterestics:
- most peculiar feature: they can survive and grow both in fresh as well as brackish water
- species
- sundri
- sonneratia, agar, nhendi, keora
- economic usage
- useful fuel wood
- hard and durable timber used for construction and building purpose as well as for making boats
tropical dry evergreen?
- Climate
- rf:100cm => rf less than moist evergreen, thus ‘dry’; evergreen forests in areas of such low rf is peculiar and is maybe possible due to seasonal nature of rf in the region
- mean annual T ~28 deg C
- humidity 75%
- characterestics
- short statured trees, upto 12 m
- complete canopy with no layer differentiation
- mostly coriaceous (leather like) leaved trees of short boles (trunk)
- bamboos are rare or absent
- grasses not clearly visible
- where?
- along coasts of TN
- species
- khirni, ritha, tamarind, machkund
- economic usage
- most of these lands have been cleared for agri usage or plantations
tropical dry deciduous forests?
- Climate
- 100-150 cm rf
- characterestics
- shed their leaves in dry season
- represent transition betn moist deciduous and thron forests
- closed and rather uneven canopy
- enough light reaches ground to permit growth of grass and climbers
- bamboos as well
- where?
- a large area, in an irregular wide strip running N-S from foot of himalayas to Kaniyakumari
- species: sal, teak, axlewood, tendu, rosewood, palas, rosewood, red sanders
- economic usage: large tracts have been cleared for agri purposes
tropical thorn forests?
- Climate
- <75cm rf
- high T 25-30 deg C
- low humidity
- characteretics
- low and widely scattered trees
- where?
- NW India- RJ, Kutcch, Kathiawar
- leeside WG
- species
- acacias and eucalyptus are prominent
- Indian wild date
- khair, reunjha, neem, babul, cactii
- economic usage ——
Sub-tropical Broad-leaved or wet hill forests?
- Climate
- rf 75-125 cm
- T 18-21 deg C
- avg humidity 80%
- characterestics
- luxurious forests of evergreen species
- fairly high
- dense
- climbers and epiphyes common
- where?
- in eastern himalayas to the east of 88o E betn altitudes 1000-2000 m
- Southern INdia:
- these forests are not so distinct in southern India due to restricted area of southern hills
- occur in Nilgiri and Palni hills
- It is essentially a “stunted rainforest” and is not so luxuriant as true tropical evergreen forests
- higher parts of WG such as Mahabaleshwar, summits of satpura, amikal ranges, highland sof bastar and Mt. Abu in Aravali also carry these types of forests
- species
- evergreen oaks and chestnuts predominate with some ash and beech
- sals and pines as well
- economic usage
- mostly been destroyed
Sub-tropical moist pine forests?
- Climate: rf:100cm (i.e. less than broad-leaved)
- characterestics
- often a grassy floor with bulbous plants and little undergrowth, except for stunted evergreen oaks in wetter areas
- where?
- occur at the same height as wet hill forests but in western himalayas betn 73o E and 88o E
- some parts of AP, Manipur, naga hills and Khasi hills
- species
- Chir or chil is the most dominant; forms pue stands
- economic usage
- chir provides valuable timber for furniture, boxes and buildings
- also used for producing resin and turpentine
Sub-tropical Dry evergreen forest?
- Climate: rf:
- 50-100cm (i.e. less than moist pine)
- summers sufficiently hot and winters cold enough for frequent frost
- characterestics
- low, practically scrub forest with small evergreen stunted trees and srubs incl thorny species, herbs and grasses
- where?
- found in very limited area- in Bhabhar, shiwaliks and western himalayas upto 1000 m ASL
- species:
- olive, acacia modesta and pistacia
- considerable tracts are covered by dwarf creeping palm Nonnorpops
- economic usage————-
wet temperate montane forest?
- climate
- 150-300cm rf
- T 11-14 deg C
- avg humidity ≥ 80%
- characterestics
- closed evergreen forests
- trees are mostly short boled (< 6m) and branchy with large girth
- leaves are dense and rounded
- branches are clothed with mosses, ferns and other epiphytes
- woody climbers are common
- where?
- higher hills (1800-3000m) of TN, Kerala
- eastern himalayas to the east of 88o E incl hills of WB, assam, AP, Sikkim and Nagaland
- species: deodar, chilauni, Indian chestnut, birch, plum, hemlock
- economic usage ————
Moist temperate montane forest??
- climate
- 150-250 cm rf
- characteristics
- pure coniferous species,
- 30-50 m high
- in wetter east, form high but fairly open forest with shrubby undergrowth
- in drier western parts, pure stands
- where?
- temperate zone of himalayas i.e. 1500-3300 m
- cover the entire legth of Himalayas in Kashmir, HP, UK, darjeeling ad Sikkim
- species
- mainly coniferous species
- in wetter east
- broad leaved evergreens are mixed with dominant conifirs
- pines, cedars, silver firs, spruce
- undergrowth of oaks, rhododendrons, laurels and some bamboos
- in drier western parts, deodar dominates and forms almost pure strands
- economic usage
- deodar provides fine wood used for construction, timber and rly sleepers
Dry temperate montane forest?
- climate
- rf < 100cm, mostly snow
- characteristics———–
- where?
- inner dry ranges of Himalayas wher SW monsoon is very feeble; 2000-3000m
- Ladakh, Lahul, Chamba, kinnaur, Garhwal and Sikkim
- species
- predominantly coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs
- deodars, chilgoza, oak, ash, maple, olive
- economic usage————
Alpine forests?
- climate——————
- characteristics
- sub-alpine: dense growth of small crooked trees and large shrubs with coniferous overwood. It is a mixture of coniferous (30 m) and broad leaved trees (10m)
- moist alpine scrub: low, evergreen, dense
- dry alpine: uppermost limit of scrub xerophytic, dwarf shrubs
- where?
- occur all along the himalayas at altitudes 2900-3800m
- three sub-types
- sub-alpine: occur at upper limit fo tree forest adjoining alpine scrub and grasslands
- moist alpine scrub: 3000m upto snowline
- dry alpine: over 3500 m ASL, in dry zone
- species
- sub-alpine: fir, kail, spruce, rhododendron
- moist alpine scrub: rhododendron, birch, honeysuckle
- dry alpine: Juniper, honeysuckle, artemesia
- economic usage—————-
Forest types in India in decreasing order of their area covered?
- Tropical Moist deciduous-37%
- Tropical dry deciduous- 28%
- Tropical Wet evergreen- 8%
- montance sub-tropical pine -6%
- tropical semi-evergreen-4%
- least: dry evergreen-0.2%
Forest Cover: defn and types?
as per FSI, all lands more than one Ha in area with a tree canopy of more than 10% irrespective of land use, ownership, legal status and species composition. It may include even orchards, palm, bamboo etc.
- very dense: canopy >70%
- moderately dense: 40-7%
- open forest: 10-40%
- scrub: degraded forest land with canopy density <10%
- non-forest: any other land
Total forest cover in India: 7.1 L sq km (21.67% of TGA)
Recorded Forest area: defn and types?
RFA gives the extent of forests in terms of legal status. irrespctive actual forest canopy cover. RFA are the land notified as a forest under any Govt act or recorded as a forest in govt records, It may or may not have an actual forest cover on the grnd. Three categories:
- reserved forests: under IFA, 1927 or state acts; exclusively for use of forest deptts and people had no rights other than those permitted by state
- protected forests: under IFA, 1927 or state acts; alsomanaged by forest deptts bt people had certain rights wrt MFP
- unclassed forests:
Total RFA in India 7.67L sq km (23.3% of TGA)
Indian state of Forest report : about?
every two yrs
ISFR 2019 16th such report
by Forest Survey of India
ISFR 2019: findings?
- India among the few countries showing increasing trend in forest cover.
- India’s forest cover marginally increased frm 2017 to 7.1L sq km i.e. 21.67% of TGA
- total tree cover also marginally increased to 95000sq km i.e. 2.9% of TGA
- very dense-3%; moderately dense-9%; open-9%
- largest forest cover in terms of area: MP> ArunachalP> Chhatisgarh> odisha>MH
- largest increase in forest cover area: KN>AndhraP> Kerala> J&K>HP
- states/UTs showing decrease in forest cover : All NE states (incl Sikkim) except Assam; Puducherry; Manipur highest decline
- largest forest cover in terms of % area: MIzoram (85%), ArunachalP (80%)Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland
- Total mangrove cover has also increased by 1% to 4975 sq km. Highest increse in GJ, then MH and Odisha
- bamboo bearing area also marginally increased to 1.6L sq km
ISFR 2019: findings: forest Carbon stock?
total C stock incountry’s forest= 7100 mn tonnes (increase of 42MT equiv to 156 MT of CO2eq)
Soil organic C represent largest pool- 4000MT
ISFR 2019: findings:
- hill districts?
- tribal districts?
- NE region?
- forest cover increased in 140 hill districts to 2.8L sq km i.e. 40% of their area
- marginal increase in 218 tribal districts to 4.2L sq km i.e. 37.5% of their area. note however, that there is decrease in RFA in tribal districts because of tribal population getting “Land titles”
- marginal decrease in NE to 1.7 L sq km i.e. 65% of their area. All states except Assam and Tripura showed decline in forest cover. Shifting cultivation mainly responsible for the fluctuation
National Forest Policy 1952?
first time proposed 33% forest or tree cover target
main obj was using forest for timber, thus emphasis on high value plantations or commercial species like teak and sal and exotic species like eucalyptus
Forest Conservation act 1980?
- aimed to reduce indiscriminate diversion of forest lands for non-forestry purposes and to help regulate and control the land use changes in forests
- for the first time emphasised on the social and ecological importance of forest resources
- empowered only CG to give prmisison for diversion of forest for non-forestry purposes
- introduced Compensatory afforestation
National Forest Policy 1988?
- aimed for 33% forest and tree cover
- paradigm shift in forestry by emphasis on environmental, ecological and social relevnce of forests and subordinated the commerical interests
- recognised tribal relationhips with forests and sought to engage them in their management
- stressed upon importanc eof MFP fr forest dwellers
- called for massive afforestation with people’s participation; encouraged Participatory forest mgmt thru Joint forest mgmt.
- led to increase of forest and tree cover frm 19.7% in 1987 to 24.56% in 2019.
Joint Forest Management: obj? institutions?
launched in 1990, after National Forest POlicy 1988
sought cooperation of local communities and SG in protection of forest resources from fire, illegal grazing and timber cutting. In exchange for forest conservation and protection, forest communities receive non-timber forest products.
JFM recognises substantial share of forest communities over Minor forest produce or Non-Timer Forest Produce.
JFM is absed on the principle of “Care and Share”
institutions under JFM:
- JFM Commttees: set up as local institutions of forest communities, which are part of Gram sabhas, by the forest deptt; role in conflict with PESA and FRA that gives control of MFP to gram sabhas
- Eco-development committees: similar to JFMCs bt set up for villages in protected areas and their buffer zones . twin obj- 1)to protect wildlife and 2) undertake eco-development activities
- Forest Development agencies: set up at district and state level
JFM currently covers 30% of total foest area of India and involves 20mn people managing 25mHa of forest area
financial flows to JFMs are from both CG and SG under programmes like MNREGA, IWDP, Green India Mission, National Afforestation Program etc.