Industrialisation (booklet 2) Flashcards
What act disallowed women and boys under 10 from working underground?
1842 mines act
What act made the 10 hour day for children?
1847 factory act
What act reduced death rates, improved living conditions and showed concern for the poorest people?
1848 public health act
What act was passed because MPs believed wages were being lowered by the the speenhamland system?
The 1834 poor law amendment act
What program showed broader government concern for the suffering of working children?
1842 royal commission into working conditions in mines- led to 1842 mines act ban children u10 working in mines
What is an example of bad working conditions for children?
1830 Sheffield and Manchester, 1/2 children didn’t reach age 5
What riots had what amount of damage, and how many were sentenced to death?
1830/31 swing riots. £600 riot damage, £100,000 arson damage. 252 sentenced to death.
When did the ten hour movement start, and what success did it have?
- Successful for women and children in 1847- reduced to 10 hour working day.
Which Lord tried on which dates to introduce the 1847 factory act?
Lord Ashley tried 1838,39,40,44
Who led the ten hour movement?
Tory land steward, Richard Oastler.
Who was instrumental to the 1847 factory act? Introducing the 10 hour working day?
John fielden
What act left working-class disenfranchised, and whose petitions against it did parliament reject?
1832 great reform act. Chartist petitions. Although it did help the middles class by extending the franchise to those who rented land worth more than 40 shillings.
What is a primary function of industrial capitalism and what is it caused by?
Growth in banking provided further capital for further industrial development, and allowed capital intensive projects (like railways). Helped growth of middles class.
What did the growth of banking facilitate?
Growth of local business and influence of industrial middle class. (Enabled by deposits, guaranteed payment and joint-stock banks which allowed small deposits to double 1829-70.)
What did local saving banks encourage?
Skilled workers to become savers as small deposits 1829-70 more than doubled.
How much did the middle class population increase?
1816-31 increase 75%
Who was born poor and what happened to him?
Arkwright, died with £500,000 fortune
How many workers lived in what housing?
2/3 back to back housing
______, ___ report of __ streets inspected in ________. __ unpaved, __ ill-ventilated, __ had pools of ______ or _______.
Chadwick, 1842, 687, 248, 112, 252,effluence, rubbish.
Creation of ______ banks
Joint stock like Lancashire banking company 1826. By 1866, 154 joint-stock banks with 850 branches nationwide.
What did the 1833 factory act do?
Ban children <9 from working
What did the 1844 factory act do?
Children 9-13 —>3 hours school, 6.5 hours work per day
What act extended the coverage of industries?
1864 factory acts extensions act
Give an example of harsh factory conditions
10 minutes late= fine of 2 hours wage
Give example of safety advancements in mines
Davy safety lamp 1815. Still risks like flooding, gas explosions, collapse
How did coal production change?
6 mil tons 1770 –> 55mil tons 1850
Chartists
1838-48 mass movement. Handed petitions signed by millions to parliament.
Individuals- Robert peel
Tory PM, Passed mines act (1842), factory act (1844), repeal of the corn laws (1846)
Industrial working conditions transformed 1833-64- factors 2021
Factory acts, mines acts, women and children
Cotton mills act
1819- focussed on working children. Banned <9, 9-16 only 12 hours in mills.
Similarities between luddites and swing riots
Both protest against new tech that reduced wages/ changed working practices, both used ‘nom de guerre’ to send threatening letters (Ned Ludd + Captain Swing), both broke machinery like stocking frames and threshing machines, both community protests not individual grievances, both caused financial damage
How much damage did the Luddites cause?
Destroyed 100,000 frames in Nottingham, 1811, cost £6000-£10,000
Differences between luddites and swing riots?
Luddites aimed at defending traditional skills (cottage industry) swing riots aimed at wages, Luddites more violent (caused Frame Breaking Act 1812, murdered Mill owner William Horsfall) swing riots well-ordered, Luddites more informed of political ideology (labelled as ‘Paineites’), Luddites target factory system (attacked mills like Rawford’s mill) swing riots targeted machined and burned ricks as denied winter work.
How many people worked in manufacturing?
2/5 of employed in 1851, 2/3 in 1871.
Why did the middle class feel they had the right to vote?
By 1811 they had created £130 million worth of goods in their factories. The passing of the corn laws in 1815 reduced their profits in favour of the landed elite.
what were some laissez faire policies that aided industrialization?
1799/1800 combination acts (illegal to form unions). 1823 Master and servants act (illegal to not fulfill contract). 1846 repeal of the corn laws (reduce protectionism in market). BUT once business established, government regulated so short term.
