Industrialisation and Protest (Booklet 2) Flashcards
1
Q
How did pasture change due to industrialisation?
A
Changed to cattle breeding, increase in cattle
2
Q
How many cattle were there in 1867, compared to 1899?
A
104,184 to 149,313
3
Q
What happened to open fields commons and wastes due to industrialisation?
A
Enclosed under single ownership
4
Q
How did the crop yield change during the 18th century?
A
Increased by 40%
5
Q
How many miles of turnpike roads were there in England in 1836?
A
22,000
6
Q
How many miles of track were there in 1850?
A
6,000+
7
Q
What was London’s population in 1801
A
1 million (8% of Britain)
8
Q
Which cities had populations of under 20,000 in the early 18th Century
A
Norwich, York, Newcastle and Exeter
9
Q
Which cities had populations exceeding 50,000 in 1801?
A
Manchester, Salford and Liverpool
10
Q
How many people lived in urban environments in 1851
A
Half of the 16.9 million inhabitants
11
Q
What was Manchester’s population change from 1775 to 1801?
A
30,000 in 1775 to 84,000 in 1801
12
Q
In 1811, how much did British Manufacturers produce?
A
£130 million of goods
13
Q
How did the population of workers in agriculture and fisheries change from 1801-71?
A
35% to 15%
14
Q
Banks - What happened in 1694?
A
The bank of England was set up
15
Q
In 1784 how many banks were there?
A
119
16
Q
1808 how many banks were there?
A
800 - rapid growth
17
Q
What did a clause in the Bank of England Charter to the creation of larger joint stock banks
A
It denied the right of note issue to banks with more than 6 members - prevented the creation of larger joint stock banks and kept banking on a localised scale
18
Q
By 1825, how did the depression affect banks?
A
Many banks failed, leading to financial panic
19
Q
When was the cap on note issue removed?
A
1826
20
Q
What was the first joint stock bank?
A
Lancashire Banking Company - October 1826
21
Q
Banks - What did the 1833 Act of Parliament do?
A
Permitted joint stock banks in London to issue cheques, which increased the speed of commercial transactions
22
Q
1866, how many joint stock banks were there?
A
154, with 850 branches nationwide
23
Q
Where did trade move to due to industrialisation (2)
A
Areas with good transport links such as Liverpool
Areas plentiful in raw materials, like coal, such as the Midlands
24
Q
Where was the economic power, traditionally (before industrialisation)
A
Areas with fertile land and raw materials, like sheep’s wool
25
Where was the centre of textile manufacturing by the mid 1800s?
The north-west of England
26
Where had a strong mining and ship-building industry by the mid 1800s?
The north-east of England
27
Where was well-known for its engineering works by the mid 1800s?
The Midlands
28
Where remained agriculturally based and exported grain during the mid 1800s?
The south-east (except London)
29
Where was also primarily agricultural during the mid 1800s, but one area exported tin?
The south-west - Cornwall
30
Where took over most of the wool industry by the mid 1800s?
Yorkshire
31
In 1851, how many workers were there, and what percentage of them worked in textile factories?
9.7 million, and 6%
32
What rate did urban areas grow at from 1801-51?
23%-29%, depending on the town
33
How many children died in their first year of life due to the population growth?
3/20
34
When did Richard Arkwright die, what was he worth, and what was he an example of?
1792, £500,000 and a wealthy middle class entrepeneur
35
Who created the middle class?
Self-made men who earned their money from the trades and developing industries which continued to grow
36
What roles did the middle class perform?
Small factory owners or merchants
37
What impact did the middle class have on Britain? (3)
Promoted opportunities for huge amounts of wealth.
Established new factories and mills.
Helped build new urban centres which were the basis for economic-success
38
Give 4 factors to use for the essay question:
| How far do you agree that rapid industrial growth was primarily the result of laissez-faire policies
Laissez-faire policies
Growth of the Middle Class
Geographical Diversity - increase of transport
Growth of Banks
39
Why were back-to=back houses built?
Employers needed a consistent workforce which was tied to them through the obligation to pay rent
40
How wide was the average back-to-back house?
4m
41
Living Conditions - What created a smoky atmosphere and respiratory problems
The frequent use of candles and oil lamps
42
What were courtyards?
Communal areas for washing, toilets and access to properties
43
How much was rent for "back" houses?
1s 10d per week
44
How much was rent for front houses?
2s 6d per week
45
What fraction of workers in Birmingham lived in back to back houses?
2/3
46
Where were communal privies emptied?
Into cesspits (open air pools of sewage)
47
What was the problem with cesspits?
If poorly constructed, the waste could leak into the local water supply
48
When, where and how many died in the first major outbreak of cholera?
1831, Sunderland, 32,000
49
What was the effect of living conditions on class relations?
Class consciousness developed in both groups which promoted increasing conflict
50
What did Chadwick's 1842 report reveal?
Of the 687 inspected in Manchester:
248 were unpaved
112 were ill-ventilated
252 had stagnant pools of effluence or piles of rubbish
51
What was Luddism?
A series of incidents where protesters stormed factories and broke up machines
52
When and where did Luddism begin
1811, the lacemaking districts of Nottingham
53
Give 6 long term causes of Luddism
```
Introduction of frame rents
High transport costs
Lower prices for finished goods
Increased unskilled labour
Production of cheap "cut-ups"
Napoleon's blockade
```
54
What was Napoleon's blockade?
Napoleon closed all continental ports to British ships in 1808, by 1812 this was having serious economic effects
55
Give 3 short term causes of Luddism
Closure of the American Market
Rapid growth in unemployment (/ wage cuts)
Failure of harvest in August 1812 (higher bread prices)
56
Describe the closure of the American Market
American Non-Intercourse Act was passed in February 1811, making exports worth £11 million in 1810 drop to £2 million by the end 1811
57
What are the 3 viewpoints on Luddism?
Industrial hooligans
Proto-trade unionists
Revolutionaries
58
What were the effects of the Napoleonic wars on working class Britain (4)
Huge price rises
High unemployment
Food riots
Demands for political and economic equality
59
How did workers organise themselves to try and improve their situation (4)
Self help groups
Friendly Societies
Trade Unions
Chartism
60
What were self help groups?
| What were they most concerned with?
Early forms of trade unions called combinations
| Losing their jobs due to developments in machinery
61
What were Friendly Societies?
| What were they most concerned with?
Combinations that transformed after they were banned
| Protecting their members through saving contributions
62
What were Trade Unions?
| What were they most concerned with?
Created after the Combinations Acts were repealed
| The right to vote
63
What was Chartism?
| What were Chartists most concerned with?
```
The most famous example of a working class political movement
The People's Charter
```
64
What did some workers do when they were frustrated with Friendly Societies?
Rioting, Sabotage and machine wrecking
65
Why could some workers not join Friendly Societies
Unskilled
66
What were the Swing Riots?
Riots that occurred in the South of England 1830
67
What caused the Swing Riots (3)
Two consecutively poor harvests
Enclosure of common land between 1760-1820
Introduction of threshing machines
68
What happened to job opportunities and wages in the 19th Century?
What did this cause?
They declined
| Created a divide between the town and countryside
69
How did Swing Rioters protest at first
Sent letters with their demands to landowners, which were signed "Captain Swing"
70
What did the Swing Rioters demand? (4)
Destruction of machinery
Increased wages
Reduction in land rents
End to rural unemployment
71
What did Swing Rioters do if their demands weren't met
Hayricks would be burned and threshing machines would be destroyed
72
When and where was the first Hayrick bruning?
Kent during August 1830
73
When was the end of the Swing Riots, and how far had it spread by then?
1832, in 16 counties
74
How many people were punished from the Swing Riots?
1976 were arrested, 19 were executed, 505 transported to Australia
75
What did the Representation of the People Act 1832 do?
Increased the electorate from about 500,000 to 813,000 - 1/5 men could vote
76
What were the results of the Swing Riots? (3)
Major influence on the new Whig government
Encouraged wider demands for political reform
Caused the Representation of the People Act 1832
77
What was the Ten Hour Movement
| When did it begin?
A movement for a ten-hour working day
| 1830 when workers in the Pennines organised themselves into committees
78
Who were the main organisers of the ten hour movement? (2)
Richard Oastler - manager of a large Yorkshire agricultural estate
George Bull - Vicar
79
What did Richard Oastler do in the Ten Hour Movement? (3)
Speeches
Series of letters
Compared the factory system to slavery
80
Before the Ten Hour Movement how long were working days (during busy periods and on average)
Busy periods: 16 hours
| Average: 12-14 hours
81
What undermined MP John Hobhouse's attempt to restrict children under 16's working hours to 11
The free trade ideology which meant a lack of government interference
82
Who was the main driver of the Ten Hour Movement in government?
Tory Lord Ashley
83
Who did the 1833 Factory Act apply to?
The older wool producing community
84
What effects did the 1833 Factory Act have on children's working hours?
Children < 9 weren't allowed to work
Children 9-12 could only work 9 hours
Children 13-18 had a max of 12 hours (or 68 hours per week)
85
What did the 1833 Factory Act in terms of break?
A break of 1 1/2 hours was to provided for meals during the day
86
How was the 1833 Factory Act enforced?
| What was the problem with this?
4 inspectors for 4,000 mills
| If the inspectors did complain, the magistrates were often factory owners
87
What was the 1844 Factory Act?
A modified version of the 1834 bill introduced unsuccessfully introduced by Sir James Graham which was intended to regulate children's working hours
88
Who did the 1844 Factory Act apply to?
All Children (and women in some cases)
89
How did the 1844 Factory Act affect children's working hours
< 8 could not work
8-12 could only work half time, no more than 6.5 hours a day
13-18 could only work 12 hours a day
90
How did the 1844 Factory Act affect women?
They could only work 12 hours a day, and could not work at night
91
How did the 1844 Factory Act enforce safety?
Machinery had to be fenced off and could not be cleaned when in motion
92
What caused the 1842 Mines Act
A stream flowed into the ventilation drift and caused the death of 26 children
93
How did the 1842 Mines Act affect women and children?
They were not allowed to work underground
| However Parish apprentices between 10-18 were an exception
94
What did the 1847 Factory Act finally introduce
A 10 hour working day for all women and children
95
How did employers maintain a 12 hour working day, in spite of the 1847 Factory Act
When was this made illegal?
They used relays
| 1850, but working hours were increased to 10.5
96
Who formed the first Short Time Committees?
| Who made up the bulk of their membership
Textile workers in Huddersfield and Leeds
| Spinners and weavers
97
What did Short Time Committees do?
Held public meetings and attempted to persuade people to sign petitions in support of Factory Reform.
98
Who was Edwin Chadwick? (3)
Commissioner for the board of health
Creator of the workhouse system
Recognised poor sanitation was the main reason for spreading disease
99
What was Edwin Chadwick appointed to do after the typhoid epidemics of 1837 and 1838?
To start an enquiry into the sanitation of the UK's major cities
100
What happened to Chadwick's report
It was rejected by the conservative government of 1842
101
How did the Public Health Act 1848 reform living conditions? (2)
Put pressure on the government
| Set up the Central board of Health
102
How effective was the Central of Health?
Limited power and no money
103
Was the Public Health Act 1848 effective? (2)
Adequate drainage and improved sanitation
| However, government was reluctant to force local actions which did not help the working class
104
How did The Burial Acts 1852 - 57 help living conditions?
Burial Board was set up to control the burial of bodies and maintenance of cemeteries
105
How effective were The Burial Acts 1852-57? (2)
Cemetery plots filled, shallower graves lead to an increased spread of disease
The cost was charged to the poor tax (increased resentment of the working class)
106
How did the Sanitary Act 1866 help reform living conditions? (3)
Sewer systems were compulsory
Local areas were responsible for sanitation issues
Compulsory sanitation inspections
107
How effective was the Sanitary Act 1866?
Showed the government was determined to improve conditions of the working class
108
How did the Public Health Act 1875 reform living conditions?
Replaced local boards of health with rural and urban sanitary authorities
109
According to the Public Health Act 1875, what did sanitary authorities have to do?
Provide clean water
Dispose of sewage
Ensure that only safe food was sold
