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History Revision > Industrialisation and Protest (Booklet 2) > Flashcards

Industrialisation and Protest (Booklet 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

How did pasture change due to industrialisation?

A

Changed to cattle breeding, increase in cattle

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2
Q

How many cattle were there in 1867, compared to 1899?

A

104,184 to 149,313

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3
Q

What happened to open fields commons and wastes due to industrialisation?

A

Enclosed under single ownership

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4
Q

How did the crop yield change during the 18th century?

A

Increased by 40%

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5
Q

How many miles of turnpike roads were there in England in 1836?

A

22,000

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6
Q

How many miles of track were there in 1850?

A

6,000+

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7
Q

What was London’s population in 1801

A

1 million (8% of Britain)

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8
Q

Which cities had populations of under 20,000 in the early 18th Century

A

Norwich, York, Newcastle and Exeter

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9
Q

Which cities had populations exceeding 50,000 in 1801?

A

Manchester, Salford and Liverpool

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10
Q

How many people lived in urban environments in 1851

A

Half of the 16.9 million inhabitants

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11
Q

What was Manchester’s population change from 1775 to 1801?

A

30,000 in 1775 to 84,000 in 1801

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12
Q

In 1811, how much did British Manufacturers produce?

A

£130 million of goods

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13
Q

How did the population of workers in agriculture and fisheries change from 1801-71?

A

35% to 15%

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14
Q

Banks - What happened in 1694?

A

The bank of England was set up

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15
Q

In 1784 how many banks were there?

A

119

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16
Q

1808 how many banks were there?

A

800 - rapid growth

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17
Q

What did a clause in the Bank of England Charter to the creation of larger joint stock banks

A

It denied the right of note issue to banks with more than 6 members - prevented the creation of larger joint stock banks and kept banking on a localised scale

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18
Q

By 1825, how did the depression affect banks?

A

Many banks failed, leading to financial panic

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19
Q

When was the cap on note issue removed?

A

1826

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20
Q

What was the first joint stock bank?

A

Lancashire Banking Company - October 1826

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21
Q

Banks - What did the 1833 Act of Parliament do?

A

Permitted joint stock banks in London to issue cheques, which increased the speed of commercial transactions

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22
Q

1866, how many joint stock banks were there?

A

154, with 850 branches nationwide

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23
Q

Where did trade move to due to industrialisation (2)

A

Areas with good transport links such as Liverpool

Areas plentiful in raw materials, like coal, such as the Midlands

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24
Q

Where was the economic power, traditionally (before industrialisation)

A

Areas with fertile land and raw materials, like sheep’s wool

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25
Q

Where was the centre of textile manufacturing by the mid 1800s?

A

The north-west of England

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26
Q

Where had a strong mining and ship-building industry by the mid 1800s?

A

The north-east of England

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27
Q

Where was well-known for its engineering works by the mid 1800s?

A

The Midlands

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28
Q

Where remained agriculturally based and exported grain during the mid 1800s?

A

The south-east (except London)

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29
Q

Where was also primarily agricultural during the mid 1800s, but one area exported tin?

A

The south-west - Cornwall

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30
Q

Where took over most of the wool industry by the mid 1800s?

A

Yorkshire

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31
Q

In 1851, how many workers were there, and what percentage of them worked in textile factories?

A

9.7 million, and 6%

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32
Q

What rate did urban areas grow at from 1801-51?

A

23%-29%, depending on the town

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33
Q

How many children died in their first year of life due to the population growth?

A

3/20

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34
Q

When did Richard Arkwright die, what was he worth, and what was he an example of?

A

1792, £500,000 and a wealthy middle class entrepeneur

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35
Q

Who created the middle class?

A

Self-made men who earned their money from the trades and developing industries which continued to grow

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36
Q

What roles did the middle class perform?

A

Small factory owners or merchants

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37
Q

What impact did the middle class have on Britain? (3)

A

Promoted opportunities for huge amounts of wealth.
Established new factories and mills.
Helped build new urban centres which were the basis for economic-success

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38
Q

Give 4 factors to use for the essay question:

How far do you agree that rapid industrial growth was primarily the result of laissez-faire policies

A

Laissez-faire policies
Growth of the Middle Class
Geographical Diversity - increase of transport
Growth of Banks

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39
Q

Why were back-to=back houses built?

A

Employers needed a consistent workforce which was tied to them through the obligation to pay rent

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40
Q

How wide was the average back-to-back house?

A

4m

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41
Q

Living Conditions - What created a smoky atmosphere and respiratory problems

A

The frequent use of candles and oil lamps

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42
Q

What were courtyards?

A

Communal areas for washing, toilets and access to properties

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43
Q

How much was rent for “back” houses?

A

1s 10d per week

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44
Q

How much was rent for front houses?

A

2s 6d per week

45
Q

What fraction of workers in Birmingham lived in back to back houses?

A

2/3

46
Q

Where were communal privies emptied?

A

Into cesspits (open air pools of sewage)

47
Q

What was the problem with cesspits?

A

If poorly constructed, the waste could leak into the local water supply

48
Q

When, where and how many died in the first major outbreak of cholera?

A

1831, Sunderland, 32,000

49
Q

What was the effect of living conditions on class relations?

A

Class consciousness developed in both groups which promoted increasing conflict

50
Q

What did Chadwick’s 1842 report reveal?

A

Of the 687 inspected in Manchester:
248 were unpaved
112 were ill-ventilated
252 had stagnant pools of effluence or piles of rubbish

51
Q

What was Luddism?

A

A series of incidents where protesters stormed factories and broke up machines

52
Q

When and where did Luddism begin

A

1811, the lacemaking districts of Nottingham

53
Q

Give 6 long term causes of Luddism

A 
Introduction of frame rents
High transport costs
Lower prices for finished goods
Increased unskilled labour
Production of cheap "cut-ups"
Napoleon's blockade
54
Q

What was Napoleon’s blockade?

A

Napoleon closed all continental ports to British ships in 1808, by 1812 this was having serious economic effects

55
Q

Give 3 short term causes of Luddism

A

Closure of the American Market
Rapid growth in unemployment (/ wage cuts)
Failure of harvest in August 1812 (higher bread prices)

56
Q

Describe the closure of the American Market

A

American Non-Intercourse Act was passed in February 1811, making exports worth £11 million in 1810 drop to £2 million by the end 1811

57
Q

What are the 3 viewpoints on Luddism?

A

Industrial hooligans
Proto-trade unionists
Revolutionaries

58
Q

What were the effects of the Napoleonic wars on working class Britain (4)

A

Huge price rises
High unemployment
Food riots
Demands for political and economic equality

59
Q

How did workers organise themselves to try and improve their situation (4)

A

Self help groups
Friendly Societies
Trade Unions
Chartism

60
Q

What were self help groups?

What were they most concerned with?

A

Early forms of trade unions called combinations

Losing their jobs due to developments in machinery

61
Q

What were Friendly Societies?

What were they most concerned with?

A

Combinations that transformed after they were banned

Protecting their members through saving contributions

62
Q

What were Trade Unions?

What were they most concerned with?

A

Created after the Combinations Acts were repealed

The right to vote

63
Q

What was Chartism?

What were Chartists most concerned with?

A 
The most famous example of a working class political movement
The People's Charter
64
Q

What did some workers do when they were frustrated with Friendly Societies?

A

Rioting, Sabotage and machine wrecking

65
Q

Why could some workers not join Friendly Societies

A

Unskilled

66
Q

What were the Swing Riots?

A

Riots that occurred in the South of England 1830

67
Q

What caused the Swing Riots (3)

A

Two consecutively poor harvests
Enclosure of common land between 1760-1820
Introduction of threshing machines

68
Q

What happened to job opportunities and wages in the 19th Century?
What did this cause?

A

They declined

Created a divide between the town and countryside

69
Q

How did Swing Rioters protest at first

A

Sent letters with their demands to landowners, which were signed “Captain Swing”

70
Q

What did the Swing Rioters demand? (4)

A

Destruction of machinery
Increased wages
Reduction in land rents
End to rural unemployment

71
Q

What did Swing Rioters do if their demands weren’t met

A

Hayricks would be burned and threshing machines would be destroyed

72
Q

When and where was the first Hayrick bruning?

A

Kent during August 1830

73
Q

When was the end of the Swing Riots, and how far had it spread by then?

A

1832, in 16 counties

74
Q

How many people were punished from the Swing Riots?

A

1976 were arrested, 19 were executed, 505 transported to Australia

75
Q

What did the Representation of the People Act 1832 do?

A

Increased the electorate from about 500,000 to 813,000 - 1/5 men could vote

76
Q

What were the results of the Swing Riots? (3)

A

Major influence on the new Whig government
Encouraged wider demands for political reform
Caused the Representation of the People Act 1832

77
Q

What was the Ten Hour Movement

When did it begin?

A

A movement for a ten-hour working day

1830 when workers in the Pennines organised themselves into committees

78
Q

Who were the main organisers of the ten hour movement? (2)

A

Richard Oastler - manager of a large Yorkshire agricultural estate
George Bull - Vicar

79
Q

What did Richard Oastler do in the Ten Hour Movement? (3)

A

Speeches
Series of letters
Compared the factory system to slavery

80
Q

Before the Ten Hour Movement how long were working days (during busy periods and on average)

A

Busy periods: 16 hours

Average: 12-14 hours

81
Q

What undermined MP John Hobhouse’s attempt to restrict children under 16’s working hours to 11

A

The free trade ideology which meant a lack of government interference

82
Q

Who was the main driver of the Ten Hour Movement in government?

A

Tory Lord Ashley

83
Q

Who did the 1833 Factory Act apply to?

A

The older wool producing community

84
Q

What effects did the 1833 Factory Act have on children’s working hours?

A

Children < 9 weren’t allowed to work
Children 9-12 could only work 9 hours
Children 13-18 had a max of 12 hours (or 68 hours per week)

85
Q

What did the 1833 Factory Act in terms of break?

A

A break of 1 1/2 hours was to provided for meals during the day

86
Q

How was the 1833 Factory Act enforced?

What was the problem with this?

A

4 inspectors for 4,000 mills

If the inspectors did complain, the magistrates were often factory owners

87
Q

What was the 1844 Factory Act?

A

A modified version of the 1834 bill introduced unsuccessfully introduced by Sir James Graham which was intended to regulate children’s working hours

88
Q

Who did the 1844 Factory Act apply to?

A

All Children (and women in some cases)

89
Q

How did the 1844 Factory Act affect children’s working hours

A

< 8 could not work
8-12 could only work half time, no more than 6.5 hours a day
13-18 could only work 12 hours a day

90
Q

How did the 1844 Factory Act affect women?

A

They could only work 12 hours a day, and could not work at night

91
Q

How did the 1844 Factory Act enforce safety?

A

Machinery had to be fenced off and could not be cleaned when in motion

92
Q

What caused the 1842 Mines Act

A

A stream flowed into the ventilation drift and caused the death of 26 children

93
Q

How did the 1842 Mines Act affect women and children?

A

They were not allowed to work underground

However Parish apprentices between 10-18 were an exception

94
Q

What did the 1847 Factory Act finally introduce

A

A 10 hour working day for all women and children

95
Q

How did employers maintain a 12 hour working day, in spite of the 1847 Factory Act
When was this made illegal?

A

They used relays

1850, but working hours were increased to 10.5

96
Q

Who formed the first Short Time Committees?

Who made up the bulk of their membership

A

Textile workers in Huddersfield and Leeds

Spinners and weavers

97
Q

What did Short Time Committees do?

A

Held public meetings and attempted to persuade people to sign petitions in support of Factory Reform.

98
Q

Who was Edwin Chadwick? (3)

A

Commissioner for the board of health
Creator of the workhouse system
Recognised poor sanitation was the main reason for spreading disease

99
Q

What was Edwin Chadwick appointed to do after the typhoid epidemics of 1837 and 1838?

A

To start an enquiry into the sanitation of the UK’s major cities

100
Q

What happened to Chadwick’s report

A

It was rejected by the conservative government of 1842

101
Q

How did the Public Health Act 1848 reform living conditions? (2)

A

Put pressure on the government

Set up the Central board of Health

102
Q

How effective was the Central of Health?

A

Limited power and no money

103
Q

Was the Public Health Act 1848 effective? (2)

A

Adequate drainage and improved sanitation

However, government was reluctant to force local actions which did not help the working class

104
Q

How did The Burial Acts 1852 - 57 help living conditions?

A

Burial Board was set up to control the burial of bodies and maintenance of cemeteries

105
Q

How effective were The Burial Acts 1852-57? (2)

A

Cemetery plots filled, shallower graves lead to an increased spread of disease
The cost was charged to the poor tax (increased resentment of the working class)

106
Q

How did the Sanitary Act 1866 help reform living conditions? (3)

A

Sewer systems were compulsory
Local areas were responsible for sanitation issues
Compulsory sanitation inspections

107
Q

How effective was the Sanitary Act 1866?

A

Showed the government was determined to improve conditions of the working class

108
Q

How did the Public Health Act 1875 reform living conditions?

A

Replaced local boards of health with rural and urban sanitary authorities

109
Q

According to the Public Health Act 1875, what did sanitary authorities have to do?

A

Provide clean water
Dispose of sewage
Ensure that only safe food was sold

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