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History Revision > Democracy, Protest and Reform (Booklet 3) > Flashcards

Democracy, Protest and Reform (Booklet 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What where the different types of boroughs pre-reform

A 
Rotten
Pocket
Scot and Lot
Potwalloper
Corporation
Freeman
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2
Q

What rights did counties have pre-reform

A

A county could send two MPs, whatever the size, to parliament
Franchise was dependent on occupying a freehold piece of land with a rental value of 40 shillings

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3
Q

Describe a rotten borough

A

Ancient constituencies

Depopulated

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4
Q

Describe a pocket borough

A

Wealthy land owners owned all buildings (giving occupiers right to vote)
Landowners pressured voters into voting for their favourite candidate

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5
Q

Describe a scot and lot borough

A

All men who paid local taxes, such as the poor rate, could vote

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6
Q

Describe a potwalloper borough

A

Men qualified to vote if they occupied a house which had a fireplace large enough to boil a pot

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7
Q

Describe a corporation borough

A

Only members of the local town council could vote

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8
Q

Describe a freeman borough

A

Men who had the title of “freeman” could vote

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9
Q

What were boroughs

A

Important county towns that had been awarded a Royal Charter

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10
Q

What was the problem with boroughs

A

Some boroughs were large cities and some were tiny villages, but the number of MPs varied

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11
Q

How many MPs did Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield

A

0

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12
Q

What were elections like pre-reform (4)

A 
2/3 were uncontested
Took several weeks
No secret ballot
"Treating" (pay for food and drink) was common
Intimidation of voters
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13
Q

Why did the unreformed system last so long? (4)

A

Ruling elite wanted to the status quo
No movement from below
The French Revolution made people fear radicalism
Britain lacked major economic problems

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14
Q

What were the views of the Tories? (3)

A

Defended the status quo
Argued moderate reform could lead to violent revolution
Reform would create conflict between countryside and town

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15
Q

What were the views of the Whigs (3)

A

Supported moderate reform
Careful and controlled concessions to the middle classes
Failure to reform would make the middle classes turn against the elites

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16
Q

Describe the London Corresponding Society (5)

A 
Formed in 1792
Roughly 1000 members
Cost a penny to join
October 1795, a demonstration attracted over 100,000 people
Preferred meetings and pamphlets
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17
Q

Describe Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man (4)

A

Written 1791-2
Stated each age has the right to establish a new political system
Questioned the monarchy, nobility and established church
By 1792, 200,000 copies were sold

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18
Q

Describe the Sheffield Society for Constitutional Information (3)

A

Formed in 1791
In May 1792, managed to raise almost 10,000 signatures
Called for male suffrage

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19
Q

How did intimidation stop calls for reform 1790-3 (3)

A

Magistrates discouraged radical action
An Alien Section and Secret Service were established to infiltrate radical societies (1793)
Prosecuted prominent radicals

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20
Q

How did legislation stop calls for reform 1794-1800 (3)

A 
1794 - Habeas Corpus was suspended so political prisoners could be held indefinitely
December 1795 - banned meetings over 50 people
Combination Laws (1799 - 1800) banned the development of trade unions
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21
Q

How did propaganda stop calls for reform 1790s (2)

A

Conservative publications printed in support of government actions
This gained Pitt support in Parliament

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22
Q

How did Loyalism stop call for reform 1790s (4)

A

Increase in loyalist groups
Example: APLP (biggest)
Used violence and intimidation
Government encouraged The Volunteers to act as a paramilitary force

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23
Q

Why did protest and demands for reform increase from 1815? (8)

A 
End of Napoleonic Wars
Economic Problems
Hampden Clubs and Union Societies
The Government's polices
Population Growth and Poverty
Impact of Industrialisation
Emergence of Radical Press
Henry Hunt
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24
Q

How did the end of the Napoleonic Wars increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (3)

A

During the wars the government linked domestic radicalism with the French Revolution
End of the war stimulated the revival of domestic radicalism
400,000 soldiers returned home and found it difficult to find jobs

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25
Q

How did Economic Problems increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (3)

A

Napoleon blocked Britain from 1806, USA declared war in 1812
National debt increased from £238 million to £902 million
Income tax was abolished in 1816, and thus indirect taxes increased (affected the poor in particular)

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26
Q

How did Hampden Clubs and Union Societies increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (3)

A

First club set up in 1812 by Major Cartwright
Educated workers and campaigned peacefully for universal suffrage
Toured 900 miles in 29 days

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27
Q

How did the government’s policies increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (1)

A

Self interested economic policies contributed to resentment and further protest

28
Q

How did population growth and poverty increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (4)

A

Larger workforce meant more unemployment
Younger population were more inclined to accept radical views
High seasonal unemployment in rural areas
Poor relief grew from £2 million in 1775 to £8 million in 1817

29
Q

By 1821 what percentage of Britons were under 15 (mainly concentrated in industrials towns)

A

48%

30
Q

How did the impact of industrialisation increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (2)

A 
Government was losing support from the middle class industrialists who didn't have the vote
Workers were increasingly challenging the government in industrial centres
31
Q

How did the emergence of the radical press increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (3)

A

Encouraged people to call for political reform
Large working class audience
People clubbed together to buy the journals and they circulated through streets, coffee houses and pubs

32
Q

How did Henry Hunt’s public speaking increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (2)

A

Henry Hunt was a wealthy landowner who despised the political corruption
Organised mass meetings which were designed to provoke the authorities to treat people with violence - making the elite lose favour

33
Q

Describe the Corn Law 1815 (2)

A

Ensured landowners could maintain the profits they had during the Napoleonic wars
Made grain more expensive for the working classes

34
Q

Describe the Income Tax Repeal 1816 (2)

A

Indirect taxes on items like sugar and beer replaced income taxes
This harmed the working classes the most

35
Q

Describe the Game Laws 1816 (2)

A

Made poaching against a landowner punishable by up to 7 years in jail
In rural societies this had been a way of making up for low incomes

36
Q

Describe the suspension of Habeas Corpus 1817

A

Meant people could be held in prisons without a charged

Was used on people suspected of radical or anti-governmental behaviour

37
Q

What were the Six Acts

A 
Habeas Corpus suspended
Seditious Meetings Prevention Act
Seizure of Arms
Blasphemous and Sedicious Libels Act
Training Prevention Act
Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act
The Misdemeanours Act
38
Q

Describe the campaign for a free press 1820s (2)

A

Led by Richard Carlile

Pamphlets were defiant but theoretical

39
Q

Describe the Political Unions 1820s (2)

A

Most organised examples of protest against the government’s inaction
100 unions across the country

40
Q

Give an example of a political union (3)

A

The Birmingham Political Union
Main aim was middle-class suffrage
Attracted 100,000 people at rallies (200,000 during the Days of May)

41
Q

Give three examples of outbreaks of violence during the 1820s

A

1821: 3000 ironworkers and coal miners refused to disperse
1823-24: Liverpool, Scottish workers were brought in to replace striking rope makers and sawyers. 2 were killed and building were set on fire
1829: Several weavers were shot by soldiers

42
Q

Describe Trade Unions in the 1820s (2)

A

Increase in trade union activity after 1824

They alarmed the government

43
Q

Describe the Peterloo Massacre (4)

A

1819
4 political rallies
60,000 listeners
11 people killed 600 wounded

44
Q

Give 4 reasons for the passing of the Great Reform Act 1832 (Essay Plan)

A

Unreformed political system
Economic unrest and riots
Growth and demands of the middle classes
Actions of the Tories and the Whigs

45
Q

How did George Canning contribute to the Tory Collapse 1827-30 (4)

A

George Canning became PM April 1827
Canning was not well liked as he had sympathy for the Catholic emancipation
When the Duke of Wellington replaced him he distrusted the Canningites
Many resigned

46
Q

How did the Act of Union contribute to the passing of the Great Reform Act 1832 (2)

A

Catholics were allowed to stand for MP in 1829
This angered the majority of the British population as people saw it as allowing Catholics to run before their own people (Catholics were resented)

47
Q

How did the fall of Charles X lead to the Great Reform Act 1832 (2)

A

The French king refused to accept the Liberal Government’s sweeping election results
This sparked revolution

48
Q

Describe the Days of May 1832 (3)

A

Anti-Tory petitions were signed
Protest marches were organised in the north and the midlands
Closest to Revolution

49
Q

How did the electorate change after the Great Reform Act 1832

A

Increased from 366,000 to 650,000 (18% of the male population)

50
Q

How many boroughs were disenfranchised by the Great Reform Act 1832

A

56 were disenfranchised, 30 lost one of their MPs

51
Q

How many new boroughs were created by the Great Reform Act 1832

A

42

52
Q

How many new seats were given to England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland

A

62, 5, 8 and 5 respectively

53
Q

How did the voting change after the Great Reform Act 1832 (2)

A

Voters had to be registered

Polling was limited to 2 days

54
Q

How did the percentage of contested seats change after the Great Reform Act 1832

A

30% to 50%

55
Q

What were the Chartist Demands? (6)

A 
Universal Suffrage for all men over 21
Secret Ballot
Annual Parliament
Abolition of property qualification for MPs
Payments for MPs
Equally sized Constituencies
56
Q

How did opposition to Whig reforms of the 1830s cause Chartism

A

Workers were barely helped by the reforms, no 10 hour working day, Reform Act excluded workers

57
Q

How did attacks on trade unions cause Chartism

A

Tolpuddle martyrs’ arrest caused waves of protest

58
Q

Why did the National Charter Association fail

A

Lack of money; most supporters couldn’t afford the subscription fees

59
Q

Why did the Complete Suffrage Union fail

A 
Gained middle-class supporters which caused attacks from more radical chartists
And they could not agree on the opposition to the Anti-Corn Law League
60
Q

Why could Chartists not agree on being opposed to the Corn Law

A

Some believed if the Corn Law was abolished, landowners would reduce wages

61
Q

Describe the link between Chartism and Education

A

Lovett and Collins set up schools for working class children

62
Q

Why was Lovett forced out of the Chartist movement by O’Connor in 1843

A

Due to cooperating with the middle classes through Sunday Schools

63
Q

What was the Land Plan

A

Aimed to ease unemployment by giving each family a 4 acre plot, a cottage and an annual rent of £1s 5s per year

64
Q

Why did the Land Plan fail

A

Despite £100,000 being collected from 70,000 subscribers, only 250 people received allotments

65
Q

How did division among leadership cause Chartism to fail? (3)

A

Moral force Chartists emphasised non-violent protest, education and cooperation
Physical force Chartists supported armed struggles
Feargus O’Connor threatened violence but remained within the law

66
Q

How did regional differences cause Chartism to fail

A

Ideologies were divided throughout the country, allowing the government to divide and rule

History Revision (4 decks)

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