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Democracy, Protest and Reform (Booklet 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What where the different types of boroughs pre-reform

A 
Rotten
Pocket
Scot and Lot
Potwalloper
Corporation
Freeman
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2
Q

What rights did counties have pre-reform

A

A county could send two MPs, whatever the size, to parliament
Franchise was dependent on occupying a freehold piece of land with a rental value of 40 shillings

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3
Q

Describe a rotten borough

A

Ancient constituencies

Depopulated

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4
Q

Describe a pocket borough

A

Wealthy land owners owned all buildings (giving occupiers right to vote)
Landowners pressured voters into voting for their favourite candidate

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5
Q

Describe a scot and lot borough

A

All men who paid local taxes, such as the poor rate, could vote

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6
Q

Describe a potwalloper borough

A

Men qualified to vote if they occupied a house which had a fireplace large enough to boil a pot

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7
Q

Describe a corporation borough

A

Only members of the local town council could vote

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8
Q

Describe a freeman borough

A

Men who had the title of “freeman” could vote

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9
Q

What were boroughs

A

Important county towns that had been awarded a Royal Charter

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10
Q

What was the problem with boroughs

A

Some boroughs were large cities and some were tiny villages, but the number of MPs varied

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11
Q

How many MPs did Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield

A

0

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12
Q

What were elections like pre-reform (4)

A 
2/3 were uncontested
Took several weeks
No secret ballot
"Treating" (pay for food and drink) was common
Intimidation of voters
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13
Q

Why did the unreformed system last so long? (4)

A

Ruling elite wanted to the status quo
No movement from below
The French Revolution made people fear radicalism
Britain lacked major economic problems

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14
Q

What were the views of the Tories? (3)

A

Defended the status quo
Argued moderate reform could lead to violent revolution
Reform would create conflict between countryside and town

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15
Q

What were the views of the Whigs (3)

A

Supported moderate reform
Careful and controlled concessions to the middle classes
Failure to reform would make the middle classes turn against the elites

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16
Q

Describe the London Corresponding Society (5)

A 
Formed in 1792
Roughly 1000 members
Cost a penny to join
October 1795, a demonstration attracted over 100,000 people
Preferred meetings and pamphlets
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17
Q

Describe Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man (4)

A

Written 1791-2
Stated each age has the right to establish a new political system
Questioned the monarchy, nobility and established church
By 1792, 200,000 copies were sold

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18
Q

Describe the Sheffield Society for Constitutional Information (3)

A

Formed in 1791
In May 1792, managed to raise almost 10,000 signatures
Called for male suffrage

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19
Q

How did intimidation stop calls for reform 1790-3 (3)

A

Magistrates discouraged radical action
An Alien Section and Secret Service were established to infiltrate radical societies (1793)
Prosecuted prominent radicals

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20
Q

How did legislation stop calls for reform 1794-1800 (3)

A 
1794 - Habeas Corpus was suspended so political prisoners could be held indefinitely
December 1795 - banned meetings over 50 people
Combination Laws (1799 - 1800) banned the development of trade unions
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21
Q

How did propaganda stop calls for reform 1790s (2)

A

Conservative publications printed in support of government actions
This gained Pitt support in Parliament

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22
Q

How did Loyalism stop call for reform 1790s (4)

A

Increase in loyalist groups
Example: APLP (biggest)
Used violence and intimidation
Government encouraged The Volunteers to act as a paramilitary force

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23
Q

Why did protest and demands for reform increase from 1815? (8)

A 
End of Napoleonic Wars
Economic Problems
Hampden Clubs and Union Societies
The Government's polices
Population Growth and Poverty
Impact of Industrialisation
Emergence of Radical Press
Henry Hunt
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24
Q

How did the end of the Napoleonic Wars increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (3)

A

During the wars the government linked domestic radicalism with the French Revolution
End of the war stimulated the revival of domestic radicalism
400,000 soldiers returned home and found it difficult to find jobs

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25
How did Economic Problems increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (3)
Napoleon blocked Britain from 1806, USA declared war in 1812 National debt increased from £238 million to £902 million Income tax was abolished in 1816, and thus indirect taxes increased (affected the poor in particular)
26
How did Hampden Clubs and Union Societies increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (3)
First club set up in 1812 by Major Cartwright Educated workers and campaigned peacefully for universal suffrage Toured 900 miles in 29 days
27
How did the government's policies increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (1)
Self interested economic policies contributed to resentment and further protest
28
How did population growth and poverty increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (4)
Larger workforce meant more unemployment Younger population were more inclined to accept radical views High seasonal unemployment in rural areas Poor relief grew from £2 million in 1775 to £8 million in 1817
29
By 1821 what percentage of Britons were under 15 (mainly concentrated in industrials towns)
48%
30
How did the impact of industrialisation increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (2)
``` Government was losing support from the middle class industrialists who didn't have the vote Workers were increasingly challenging the government in industrial centres ```
31
How did the emergence of the radical press increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (3)
Encouraged people to call for political reform Large working class audience People clubbed together to buy the journals and they circulated through streets, coffee houses and pubs
32
How did Henry Hunt's public speaking increase protest and demands for reform from 1815 (2)
Henry Hunt was a wealthy landowner who despised the political corruption Organised mass meetings which were designed to provoke the authorities to treat people with violence - making the elite lose favour
33
Describe the Corn Law 1815 (2)
Ensured landowners could maintain the profits they had during the Napoleonic wars Made grain more expensive for the working classes
34
Describe the Income Tax Repeal 1816 (2)
Indirect taxes on items like sugar and beer replaced income taxes This harmed the working classes the most
35
Describe the Game Laws 1816 (2)
Made poaching against a landowner punishable by up to 7 years in jail In rural societies this had been a way of making up for low incomes
36
Describe the suspension of Habeas Corpus 1817
Meant people could be held in prisons without a charged | Was used on people suspected of radical or anti-governmental behaviour
37
What were the Six Acts
``` Habeas Corpus suspended Seditious Meetings Prevention Act Seizure of Arms Blasphemous and Sedicious Libels Act Training Prevention Act Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act The Misdemeanours Act ```
38
Describe the campaign for a free press 1820s (2)
Led by Richard Carlile | Pamphlets were defiant but theoretical
39
Describe the Political Unions 1820s (2)
Most organised examples of protest against the government's inaction 100 unions across the country
40
Give an example of a political union (3)
The Birmingham Political Union Main aim was middle-class suffrage Attracted 100,000 people at rallies (200,000 during the Days of May)
41
Give three examples of outbreaks of violence during the 1820s
1821: 3000 ironworkers and coal miners refused to disperse 1823-24: Liverpool, Scottish workers were brought in to replace striking rope makers and sawyers. 2 were killed and building were set on fire 1829: Several weavers were shot by soldiers
42
Describe Trade Unions in the 1820s (2)
Increase in trade union activity after 1824 | They alarmed the government
43
Describe the Peterloo Massacre (4)
1819 4 political rallies 60,000 listeners 11 people killed 600 wounded
44
Give 4 reasons for the passing of the Great Reform Act 1832 (Essay Plan)
Unreformed political system Economic unrest and riots Growth and demands of the middle classes Actions of the Tories and the Whigs
45
How did George Canning contribute to the Tory Collapse 1827-30 (4)
George Canning became PM April 1827 Canning was not well liked as he had sympathy for the Catholic emancipation When the Duke of Wellington replaced him he distrusted the Canningites Many resigned
46
How did the Act of Union contribute to the passing of the Great Reform Act 1832 (2)
Catholics were allowed to stand for MP in 1829 This angered the majority of the British population as people saw it as allowing Catholics to run before their own people (Catholics were resented)
47
How did the fall of Charles X lead to the Great Reform Act 1832 (2)
The French king refused to accept the Liberal Government's sweeping election results This sparked revolution
48
Describe the Days of May 1832 (3)
Anti-Tory petitions were signed Protest marches were organised in the north and the midlands Closest to Revolution
49
How did the electorate change after the Great Reform Act 1832
Increased from 366,000 to 650,000 (18% of the male population)
50
How many boroughs were disenfranchised by the Great Reform Act 1832
56 were disenfranchised, 30 lost one of their MPs
51
How many new boroughs were created by the Great Reform Act 1832
42
52
How many new seats were given to England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland
62, 5, 8 and 5 respectively
53
How did the voting change after the Great Reform Act 1832 (2)
Voters had to be registered | Polling was limited to 2 days
54
How did the percentage of contested seats change after the Great Reform Act 1832
30% to 50%
55
What were the Chartist Demands? (6)
``` Universal Suffrage for all men over 21 Secret Ballot Annual Parliament Abolition of property qualification for MPs Payments for MPs Equally sized Constituencies ```
56
How did opposition to Whig reforms of the 1830s cause Chartism
Workers were barely helped by the reforms, no 10 hour working day, Reform Act excluded workers
57
How did attacks on trade unions cause Chartism
Tolpuddle martyrs' arrest caused waves of protest
58
Why did the National Charter Association fail
Lack of money; most supporters couldn't afford the subscription fees
59
Why did the Complete Suffrage Union fail
``` Gained middle-class supporters which caused attacks from more radical chartists And they could not agree on the opposition to the Anti-Corn Law League ```
60
Why could Chartists not agree on being opposed to the Corn Law
Some believed if the Corn Law was abolished, landowners would reduce wages
61
Describe the link between Chartism and Education
Lovett and Collins set up schools for working class children
62
Why was Lovett forced out of the Chartist movement by O'Connor in 1843
Due to cooperating with the middle classes through Sunday Schools
63
What was the Land Plan
Aimed to ease unemployment by giving each family a 4 acre plot, a cottage and an annual rent of £1s 5s per year
64
Why did the Land Plan fail
Despite £100,000 being collected from 70,000 subscribers, only 250 people received allotments
65
How did division among leadership cause Chartism to fail? (3)
Moral force Chartists emphasised non-violent protest, education and cooperation Physical force Chartists supported armed struggles Feargus O'Connor threatened violence but remained within the law
66
How did regional differences cause Chartism to fail
Ideologies were divided throughout the country, allowing the government to divide and rule

History Revision (4 decks)

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