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REVISION n > Industrialisation and protest, 1785-1870 > Flashcards

Industrialisation and protest, 1785-1870 Flashcards

1
Q

How many miles of turnpike roads by 1836

A

22,000 miles (20% of total mileage)

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2
Q

How many miles of railway track by 1850

A

6000 miles

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3
Q

How many miles of navigable river and canals for miles of turnpike?

A

For every 16 miles of turnpike road, 1 mile of navigable river and 2 miles of canals

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4
Q

By 1851, how many people lived in an urban environment

A

1/2 of 16.9 million people, an increase of over 5 million since the first half of the 19th century

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5
Q

What was the size of London by 1801

A

1 million inhabitants, or 8% of all Brits

Paris was half this size

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6
Q

What proportion of people in many villages in the west country were engaged in industrial pursuits

A

1/2

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7
Q

How many banks in 1784, and how many in 1808

A

119

800

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8
Q

When were county banks allowed to issue bank notes

A

1797

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9
Q

What was the Banking Act of 1826

A

Restricted the issuing of notes but encouraged the formation of joint stock companies

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10
Q

What did a clause in the Bank of England Charter state

A

Denied the right of note issue to banks with more than 6 members

Cap prevented the creation of larger joint stock banks and kept banking on a localised scale

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11
Q

When was the cap on banks removed

A

1826

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12
Q

What did an Act of Parliament in 1833 do for banks

A

Permitted joint stock banks in London to issue cheques, thus increased the speed of transactions

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13
Q

When was the first joint stock bank founded

A

The Lancashire Banking Company, 1826

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14
Q

By 1866, how many Joint Stock banks and branches were there

A

154 joint stock banks

850 branches nationwide

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15
Q

How much did cotton imports increase by between 1761 and 1833

A

3 million to 300 million

Employed 883,000 people

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16
Q

How much did the middle-class grow by between 1816 and 1831

A

75%, from 160,000 to more than 214,000

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17
Q

What proportion of children died in their first year of life

A

3/20

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18
Q

In Sheffield and Manchester, what fraction of children failed to reach their 5th birthday in the 1830s

A

1/2

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19
Q

How much did national capital invested in industry, trade, and transport increase by

A

5% in 1760 to 26% in 1860

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20
Q

How much did British manufacturers produce by 1811

A

£130 million worth of goods, of which £40 million was exported

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21
Q

How much was Richard Arkwright worth when he died in 1792

A

£500,000

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22
Q

How many people did Benjamin Gott employ, and how much money he have in the bank

A

1500 men by the 1820s and had over £100,000 in the bank

23
Q

What did Richard Crawshay do

A

Owned the Cyfartha ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil, and by 1830 employed 5000 people

He was worth over £200,000

24
Q

What were punishments for workers in factories

A

10 minutes late saw offender fined 2 hours’ wages

If caught talking, fined 1 shilling or 1/5th of the daily wage

25
Q

How much did employees in factories work prior to 1833

A

14 hour days, 6 days a week

26
Q

Which invention made working in the mines safer

A

Davy safety lamp, 1815

27
Q

How much did production from mines increase by

A

6 million tons in 1770 to 55 million tons in 1850

28
Q

How deep did mines get

A

90 metres in the 18th century to about 300 metres by 1850

29
Q

What was employment in the mines like

A

12 hours a day, 6 days a week

Until 1844, were employed under ‘zero hour contracts’ agreeing to work an allotted period of time, usually 1 year.

Did not guarantee a fixed wage.

30
Q

How were back-to-back houses built

A

cheaply, just 3 bricks deep foundations

They were usually 4m wide, with a bedroom upstairs

31
Q

How much was rent for ‘back’ houses compared to ‘front’ houses

A

1s 10d per week compared to 2s 6d per week

32
Q

What fraction of Birmingham workers lived in back to back houses

A

2/3

33
Q

When and where was the first Cholera outbreak

A

1831 in Sunderland, killed 32,000 within a year

34
Q

How much did the population of urban areas increase by between 1801-1851

A

27% every decade

35
Q

Which act in 1835 reformed local government to improve conditions

A

Municipal Corporations Act

36
Q

What did Chadwick’s 1842 report find about child mortality

A

57% of children born to working class parents died before their fifth birthday

37
Q

What did the 1833 Factory Act do

A
  • No child under 9 to be employed
  • Children 9 to 11 got 2 hours schooling per day
  • No nightwork for under 18’s
  • Break of 3/2 hours
  • Four, full time inspectors to enforce the act to cover 4000 textile mills
38
Q

Why did the 1833 Factory Act fall short

A

Only covered textile mills, but by the end of the 1830’s fewer mills were breaking the law

39
Q

What did the 1842 Mines Act do?

A

Banned the underground employment of children under 10 and women too

40
Q

What did the 1844 Factory Act do

A
  • More inspectors to enforce the law and safety rules to fence off dangerous machinery
  • Children 13 to 18 and women were to work a maximum of 12 hours a day
  • In 1845, the Factory Act was extended to include calico printing works
41
Q

What did the 1847 Factory Act do

A
  • Introduce the 10 hour working day for all women and children, but many factories did this for men anyway as they couldn’t produce without them
  • Restricted working hours from 6am to 6pm and children were not allowed to work outside these hours
42
Q

How did the 1867 Factory Act reform all previous ones

A

Was extended to all factories employing 50 or more workers

43
Q

What were the Short Time Committees

A

Small organisations which supported Hobhouse’s Bill (the ten hour bill)

44
Q

How many Short Time Committees by 1833, and when did they cease to exist

A

26, or 12 in Yorkshire, 11 in Lancashire, 2 in Scotland, and 1 in Nottingham

Continued to campaign for legislation until the passing of the 1847 Factory Act

45
Q

Who wrote Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy, and what was the message

A

Frances Trollope, the first woman to issue her novels in monthly parts.

The novel criticised individual philanthropy as inadequate to the problems of industrialisation

46
Q

How did Luddism start

A

Ned Ludd, a weaver, destroyed two knitting frames after being whipped in 1779

47
Q

What were the causes of Luddism

A
  • Lower prices for finished goods
  • Increased use of unskilled labour
  • Closure of American market after the American Non-Intercourse act of 1809; exports worth £11 million in 1810 dropped to £2 million by the end of 1811
48
Q

How did Luddites go too far

A

Killed an anti Luddite mill owner, William Horsfield

49
Q

When were the Swing Riots, and what did they do

A

1830-31

£600 riot damage, £100,000 arson damage.

252 sentenced to death

50
Q

Who led the 10 hour movement

A

Richard Oastler, a Tory land steward from Huddersfield, and prominent speaker at Short Time Committees

John Fielden was instrumental in bringing about the 1847 Factory Act after Lord Ashley resigned his seat to support Peel in 1846

51
Q

What did the Public Health Act of 1848 do

A

Creation of a Central Board of Health to oversee local boards responsible for improving sanitation

Only compulsory in areas with 23 in every 1000 mortality rate

52
Q

What was Chadwick’s report, and how many copies did it sell

A

The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842)

100,000

53
Q

What was William Farr’s report

A

A statistical report on disease in Britain covering 40 years, unlike any other nation at time

REVISION n (18 decks)

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