Industrial Revolution

Question 1

What were the reasons for the technological advancements during the latter half of the 19th century?

Answer 1

The population grew from 5.3 million people in 1800 to 75 million in 1900. The need to connect and supply this expansive nation encouraged breakthroughs in transportation, communication and manufacturing. And Using fossil fuels such as coal and oil was pivotal for technological innovations such as the internal combustion engine, the electromotor, and jet engines. Some countries were rich in energy sources.

Question 2

• What is the difference between horizontal integration and vertical integration monopolies.

Answer 2

An example vertical integration is a brewing company that owns and controls a number of bars or pubs. Horizontal For example, a manufacturer may acquiring a competing manufacturing firm to better enhance its process, labor force, and equipment.

Question 3

How did Carnegie’s strong steel and low prices contribute to American’s expansion in transportation of goods and urban construction?

Answer 3

His steel empire produced the raw materials that built the physical infrastructure of the United States. He was a catalyst in America’s participation in the Industrial Revolution, as he produced the steel to make machinery and transportation possible throughout the nation.

Question 4

Who were the Titans of Industry/Robber Barons and what type of industries were they associated with?

Answer 4

Among the others who are often counted among the robber barons are financier J.P. Morgan, who organized a number of major railroads and consolidated the United States Steel, International Harvester, and General Electric corporations; Andrew Carnegie, who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century; shipping and railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt; Vanderbilt bought stock or control of a number of private railroads. By unifying their service he was able to standardize rail travel in a number of ways. This helped with the transfer of baggage and cargo as well as the introduction of a universal schedule.industrialist George Pullman, the inventor of the Pullman sleeping car; and Henry Clay Frick, who helped build the world’s largest coke and steel operations

Question 5

• How did Carnegie differ from other industrialists who were Social Darwinists? Hint: Gospel of Wealth.

Answer 5

Expert-Verified Answer. Carnegie’s thoughts about wealth differ from those of other industrialists of his time as Carnegie contended in “The Gospel of Fortune” that immensely wealthy Americans like himself had a duty to use their wealth for the common good.

Question 6

What caused the following labor incidents: the Haymarket Riot, the Homestead Strike?

Answer 6

Radical unionists had called a mass meeting in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality in a strike action. A bomb was thrown into the crowd, killing seven policemen and injuring 60 others. Police and workers fired on each other. Public demand for action led to the arrest of eight anarchists (see anarchism). In the face of depressed steel prices, Henry c. Frick, general manager of the Homestead plant that Carnegie largely owned, was determined to cut wages and break the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, the nation’s largest steelmaker and its largest craft union.

Question 7

Knights of Labor/Terence Powderly

Answer 7

Powderly is most remembered for leading the Knights of Labor (“K of L”), a The Knights of Labor was a union founded in 1869. The Knights pressed for the eight-hour work day for laborers, and embraced a vision of a society in which workers, not capitalists, would own the industries in which they labored. The Knights also sought to end child labor and convict labor. nationwide labor union.

Question 8

American Federation of Labor (AFL)/Samuel Gompers

Answer 8

it focused on obtaining the right to bargain for wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions. The pursuit of labour reform was removed from the agenda of American workers. Samuel Gompers (1850 –1924) founded the American Federation of Labor and served as its president for nearly forty years, between 1886 and 1924, and the nation’s leading trade unionist and labor spokesman.

Question 9

Gilded Age

Answer 9

The Gilded Age lasted from the late 1800s to the early 1900s and was characterized by economic growth for the wealthy and extreme poverty for the working classes. A societal shift from agriculture to industry resulted in a movement to the cities for some and westward migration for others.

Question 10

anarchist

Answer 10

anarchists as those that believe “all human government is usurpation, tyranny, essentially wrong.” Anarchists have caused riots, bombings, and successfully assassinated several world leaders—including the 25th president of the United States.

Question 11

Strike/lockout

Answer 11

A lockout is the exclusion of employees by their employer from their place of work until certain terms are agreed to. Strike workers repeatedly tried to defend or improve their living and working conditions by collectively refusing to work until specific demands were met.

Question 12

Inventors and entrepreneurs

Answer 12

Inventors create new products. Entrepreneurs create companies around those products.

Question 13

Thomas Edison,

Answer 13

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman.[1][2][3] He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures.[4] These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world.[5]

Question 14

Alexander graham bell

Answer 14

Alexander Graham Bell (/ˈɡreɪ.əm/, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922)[4] was a Scottish-born[N 1] inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.[7]

Question 15

Henry ford

Answer 15

Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company and invented the Model T car. He also introduced the moving assembly line method of production to car manufacturing. an American industrialist and business magnate.

Question 16

Wright brothers

Answer 16

The invention of the airplane by Wilbur and Orville Wright is one of the great stories in American history. The Wright brothers’ invention not only solved a long-studied technical problem, but helped create an entirely new world.

Question 17

Madame C.J. Walker

Answer 17

Madam C. J. Walker (1867-1919) was “the first Black woman millionaire in America” and made her fortune thanks to her homemade line of hair care products for Black women. Born Sarah Breedlove to parents who had been enslaved, she was inspired to create her hair products after an experience with hair loss, which led to the creation of the “Walker system” of hair care.

Question 18

Gospel of Wealth

Answer 18

In “The Gospel of Wealth,” Carnegie argued that extremely wealthy Americans like himself had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good. In other words, the richest Americans should actively engage in philanthropy and charity in order to close the widening gap between rich and poor.

Question 19

Philanthropy (The Robber Barons)

Answer 19

While their business practices were often criticized for being unscrupulous and unfair to both employees and consumers, the robber barons were also philanthropists who donated massive amounts to what they considered to be worthy causes.

Question 20

Pinkerton Detective Agency

Answer 20

Pinkerton National Detective Agency, American independent police force that was founded in 1850 by Allan Pinkerton (1819–84), former deputy sheriff of Cook county, Illinois. It originally specialized in railway theft cases, protecting trains and apprehending train robbers. It solved the $700,000 Adams Express Co. theft in 1866, and in 1861 it thwarted an assassination plot against President-elect Abraham Lincoln.

Question 21

Social Darwinism

Answer 21

According to the theory, which was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the weak were diminished and their cultures delimited while the strong grew in power and cultural influence over the weak. Social Darwinists held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest,” a phrase proposed by the British philosopher and scientist Herbert Spencer.

Question 22

Eugenics

Answer 22

In their quest for a perfect society, eugenicists labelled many people as “unfit,” including ethnic and religious minorities, people with disabilities, the urban poor and LGBTQ individuals. Discussions of eugenics began in the late 19th century in England, then spread to other countries, including the United States.

Question 23

What were some of the problems that resulted in rapid immigration and urbanization?

Answer 23

problems ranging from famine to religious persecution led a new wave of immigrants to arrive from central, eastern, and southern Europe, many of whom settled and found work near the cities where they first arrived.

Question 24

Where did the majority of New Immigrants (1880-1819) come from? What parts of europe?

Answer 24

, the vast majority of these people were from Germany, Ireland, and England - the principal sources of immigration before the Civil War.

Question 25

Define and explain the political machine?

Answer 25

The Encyclopædia Britannica defines “political machine” as “a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state”.

Question 26

Tammany Hall

Answer 26

It became the main local political machine of the Democratic Party and played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics, and helped immigrants, most notably the Irish, rise in American politics from the 1850s into the 1960s.

Question 27

Boss Tweed

Answer 27

Tweed was an American politician most notable for being the boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine that played a major role in the politics of New York City in the late 1800s. Tweed was convicted of stealing an estimated $25 million dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption.

Question 28

Explain the difference between the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 & The Immigration Act of 1882.

Answer 28

This act was the first significant restriction on free immigration in U.S. history, and it excluded Chinese laborers from the country under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. It also made Chinese immigrants permanent aliens by excluding them from U.S. citizenship. Congress enacts the Immigration Act of 1882 (22 Stat. 214), constituting one the first attempts at broad federal oversight of immigration. The law levies a tax of 50 cents for each passenger arriving by ship from a foreign port who is not a US citizen, to be paid by the ship’s owner.

Question 29

What role did Social Darwinism and eugenics play in forming laws like the Virginia Act of 1924 (see primary documents in Top Hat).

Answer 29

One such policy was the Racial Integrity Act, which was passed in Virginia in 1924. The new law prohibited interracial marriage and ushered in a long period of discriminatory racial designation administered by the government. One of the Act’s main proponents was a physician named Walter Ashby Plecker. Many Social Darwinists embraced laissez-faire capitalism and racism. They believed that government should not interfere in the “survival of the fittest” by helping the poor, and promoted the idea that some races are biologically superior to others.

Question 30

Why was Hawaii considered so valuable, according to Alfred Thayer Mahan?

Answer 30

Alfred Thayer Mahan, one of the United States’ most renowned naval theoreticians, argued that Hawai’i’s central location between the American mainland and the Asian-Pacific theatre made it desirable both as an operational launching point and as a defensible fall-back position. He pointed out that sea lines of communication (SLOC) and shipping routes naturally focussed upon Honolulu as a staging point for the trans-Pacific voyage, and that Pearl Harbor was a naturally impregnable harbour, perfect for a naval base.

Question 31

What caused the U.S. to focus on “expansion” beyond our shores?

Answer 31

Many Americans subscribed to the concept of “Manifest Destiny,” the belief that Providence determined the United States to occupy as much land on the continent as possible. Some saw lucrative economic opportunities in the vast stretches of arable land and superb Pacific Coast ports.

Question 32

Analyze the causes of the Spanish-American War.

Answer 32

Many agree that the main causes of the Spanish–American War was Cuba’s struggle for independence and the sinking of the USS Maine on 15 February 1898. An explosion, then thought to be caused by a mine, killed over 260 of the 354 American crew members.

Question 33

What was the debate over the Philippines? Why did McKinley renege on giving Filipinos independence?

Answer 33

Unaware that the Philippines were the only predominantly Catholic nation in Asia, President McKinley said that American occupation was necessary to “uplift and Christianize” the Filipinos.

Question 34

Why did John Hay try and negotiate the Open Door policy?

Answer 34

Hay argued that establishing equal access to commerce would benefit American traders and the U.S. economy, and hoped that the Open Door would also prevent disputes between the powers operating in China.

Question 35

Nativism

Answer 35

a set of beliefs favoring the interests of established inhabitants against those of immigrants. Nativists promoted the traditions and Protestant religious beliefs of native-born Americans over the alien customs, languages, and faiths of newcomers and saw immigrants and their cultures as a threat to the American way of life.

Question 36

Tenements

Answer 36

tenement” was a term for housing for the urban poor, with well-established connotations for unsafe and unsanitary conditions. any building rented out to at least three families, each of which lives independently but shares halls, stairways, and yards

Question 37

Assimilation

Answer 37

the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society.

Question 38

Jacob Riis & How the Other Half Lives

Answer 38

Harrowing images of tenements and alleyways where New York’s immigrant communities lived, combined with his evocative storytelling, were intended to engage and inform his audience and exhort them to act. early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s.

Question 39

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Answer 39

The Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907 (日米紳士協約, Nichibei Shinshi Kyōyaku) was an informal agreement between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan whereby Japan would not allow further emigration to the United States and the United States would not impose restrictions on Japanese immigrants already present. President Theodore Roosevelt sought to avoid offending the rising world power of Japan through this negotiated agreement by which the Japanese government limited the immigration of its own citizens.

Question 40

jingoism

Answer 40

Jingoism is a term used to describe a political perspective that advocates the use of threats or military force in foreign relations, as opposed to finding a peaceful or diplomatic solution.

Question 41

Yellow journalism

Answer 41

Yellow journalism and yellow press are American terms for journalism and associated newspapers that present little or no legitimate, well-researched news while instead using eye-catching headlines for increased sales. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.

Question 42

The Boxer Rebellion

Answer 42

The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. A Chinese secret society known as the Boxers embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners and anti Christian’s from China and believed that outsiders were trying to colonize and take over china.

Question 43

Panama Canal

Answer 43

The Panama Canal had military importance in the 1900s when the U.S. provided funds and a naval blockade for Panama to use for its revolution. This led to Panama’s independence, which allowed the U.S. to form a treaty with them to build the canal.

Question 44

Pearl Harbor

Answer 44

On December 7, 1941, the Japanese military launched a surprise attack on the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. designed to cripple the U.S. fleet in harbor to win the Japanese extra time to build that defensive perimeter

Question 45

The Teller & Platt Amendments

Answer 45

In April 1898 Senator Henry M. Teller (Colorado) proposed an amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain which proclaimed that the United States would not establish permanent control over Cuba. The Teller Amendment was succeeded by the Platt Amendment introduced by Senator Orville Platt (R-Connecticut) in February 1901. It allowed the United States “the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty…” The Platt Amendment was finally abrogated on May 29, 1934.