Final exam deck Flashcards
The background factors (i.e., Wilson’s clear preference to support Britain and ignoring the British naval blockade on Germany) and the immediate sequence of events that caused the United States to declare war on Germany in 1917.
The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
How did the British blockade of Germany actually bring the neutral Americans closer to the Allies? It increased America’s economic ties with the Allies because British blockade of Germany caused American trade with the Central Powers to virtually cease.
The scale and nature of the fighting in World War I including especially the impact of new technologies of warfare.
World War I popularized the use of the machine gun—capable of bringing down row after row of soldiers from a distance on the battlefield. This weapon, along with barbed wire and mines, made movement across open land both difficult and dangerous. Thus trench warfare was born.
The contributions of the American military to Allied victory in World War I.
The American Expeditionary Forces arrived in Europe in 1917 and helped turn the tide in favor of Britain and France, leading to an Allied victory over Germany and Austria in November 1918.
American divisions were usually employed to augment French and British units in defending their lines and in staging attacks on German positions.
The extent of government control of the economy during World War I.
As part of the war effort, the U.S. government also attempted to guide economic activity via centralized price and production controls administered by the War Industries Board, the Food Administration, and the Fuel Administration.
Propaganda and the extent of war hysteria in the United States during World War I –e.g., Cohan’s song, “Over There.”
Soldiers would sing songs in the trenches or while marching to keep their spirits up, and many times on the Western Front, marching bands would accompany the troops. Not only was music used to boost morale, it was also used as a sneaky way of complaining about the war and the conditions they were currently in. Over There” is a 1917 song written by George M. Cohan that was popular with the United States military and public during both world wars. It is a patriotic song designed to excite American young men to enlist and fight the “Hun”. The song is best remembered for a line in its chorus: “The Yanks are coming.”
The aspirations that the war raised with African Americans and how those hopes were dashed.
African Americans had initially been hopeful during Reconstruction after the Civil War. The Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery in the United States, the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal protection under the law and the rights of citizens, and the Fifteenth Amendment granted black male suffrage. African Americans were elected to local, state, and even national offices, and Congress passed civil rights legislation. However, the hopes of Reconstruction were dashed by horrific waves of violence against African Americans, the economic struggles of sharecropping (which, in some ways, resembled the conditions of slavery), the denial of equal civil rights including voting rights, and enforced segregation of the races. At the turn of the century, the new progressive reform movement heralded many changes, but whether African Americans would benefit from progressivism remained to be seen.
Woodrow Wilson’s successes and failures at Versailles.
The Versailles Treaty did little to shape any sort of long-term peace from the results of World War I. Instead, the treaty, hastily put together, was vague, exposed the Allies’ inability to cooperate toward an agreement, and fueled German nationalism from resentment over her treatment by the Allies in the treaty.
Wilson’s 14 points.
Designed as guidelines for the rebuilding of the postwar world, the points included Wilson’s ideas regarding nations’ conduct of foreign policy, including freedom of the seas and free trade and the concept of national self-determination, with the achievement of this through the dismantling of European empires and the creation of new states. Most importantly, however, was Point 14, which called for a “general association of nations” that would offer “mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike.
The reasons that the U. S. Senate rejected the ratification of The Treaty of Versailles (League of Nations).
The reasons why did the Senate cite when rejecting the Treaty of Versailles was Wilson refused to support US entry into the League of Nations and the treaty went against the idea of non-interference in foreign affairs.Nov 1, 2021
The reasons for the Red Scare and the resurgence of labor unrest in postwar America
the Red Scare was “a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent The war’s end, however, was accompanied by labor turmoil, as labor demanded union recognition, shorter hours, and raises exceeding the inflation rate. Over 4 million workers–one fifth of the nation’s workforce–participated in strikes in 1919, including 365,000 steelworkers and 400,000 miners.
Bolshevik Revolution
Russian Revolution of 1917, Revolution that overthrew the imperial government and placed the Bolsheviks in power. Increasing governmental corruption, the reactionary policies of Tsar Nicholas II, and catastrophic Russian losses in World War I contributed to widespread dissatisfaction and economic hardship.
Labor unions
Organized labor had grown in strength during the course of the war. Many unions won recognition and the 12-hour workday was abolished. An 8-hour days was instituted on war contract work and by 1919, half the country’s workers had a 48-hour work week.
Palmer raids
The Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted in November 1919 and January 1920 by the United States Department of Justice under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson to capture and arrest suspected socialists, especially anarchists and communists, and deport them from the United States.
Lusitania
The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was owned by the Cunard Line and was first launched in 1906. Built for the transatlantic passenger trade, it was luxurious and noted for its speed. During World War I the Lusitania was sunk by a German torpedo, resulting in great loss of life.
Zimmermann telegram
The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between the German Empire and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany.
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare was first introduced in World War I in early 1915, when Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy
Lenin/Bolshevik Revolution
Lenin was the leader of the radical socialist Bolshevik Party (later renamed the Communist Party), which seized power in the October phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bolshevik Revolution, also referred to as the “Great October Socialist Revolution,” was the first successful Marxist coup in history. During this chapter of the Russian Revolution, the ineffectual Provisional Government was dislodged and ultimately replaced with a Soviet Socialist Republic under Lenin’s leadership.
Sussex Pledge
Under further pressure from America, the Germans gave the ‘Sussex Pledge’ which guaranteed that passenger ships would not be sunk, merchant ships would not be sunk without confirmation of weaponry onboard, and that provision would be made for the rescue of the crew of any torpedoed ship.
isolationism
When World War I broke out in Europe in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson declared the United States neutral. This continued the government’s 19th century policy of isolationism – staying out of the affairs of other countries.
Committee on Public Information
was an independent agency of the government of the United States under the Wilson administration created to influence public opinion to support the US in World War I, in particular, the US home front.
4 minute men
The 4-Minute Men recruited prominent businessmen, clergy, and politicians to speak at local venues and collect pledges of support. Theaters were popular spots because audiences were already gathered and sat idle between film reels.
Selective Service Act (the draft)
On May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which authorized the Federal Government to temporarily expand the military through conscription. The act eventually required all men between the ages of 21 to 45 to register for military service.
American Expeditionary Force (AEF); John J. Pershing
The AEF was created to fill the need for troops in Europe, especially for the weary British and French troops who had been fighting since 1914. General John J. Pershing commanded the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe during World War I. He became a master of military tactics through his training at the United States Military Academy and his teaching at West Point.
Liberty bonds
Americans basically loaned the government money to help pay for the costs of wartime military operations. After a certain number of years, those who invested in these bonds would receive their money back, plus interest.
Committee on Public Information
The Committee on Public Information, also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States under the Wilson administration created to influence public opinion to support the US in World War I, in particular, the US home front.
5 minute men
The Four Minute Men were a group of volunteers authorized by United States President Woodrow Wilson to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by the Committee on Public Information (CPI). The Four Minute Men Association was developed during World War I to provide a means for dissemination of information on Liberty Bond drives.
Henry Cabot Lodge
February 28, 1919, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts began an assault on President Woodrow Wilson’s proposal to establish a League of Nations that ultimately culminated in the Senate’s rejection of the Treaty of Versailles.
Great Migration”
The First Great Migration (1910-1940) had Black southerners relocate to northern and midwestern cities including: New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. When the war effort ramped up in 1917, more able bodied men were sent off to Europe to fight leaving their industrial jobs vacant.
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey organized the United States’ first Black nationalist movement. In the years following World War I, he urged Black Americans to be proud of their identity. Garvey enjoyed a period of profound Black cultural and economic success, with the New York City neighbourhood of Harlem as the movement’s mecca.
Sacco-Vanzetti case
Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with committing robbery and murder at the Slater and Morrill shoe factory in South Braintree. On the afternoon of April 15, 1920, payroll clerk Frederick Parmenter and security guard Alessandro Berardelli were shot to death and robbed of over $15,000 in cash.
Why Harding won the presidency
He conducted a front porch campaign, remaining mostly in Marion, and allowed the people to come to him. He promised a return to normalcy of the pre–World War I period, and won in a landslide over Democrat James M. Cox, to become the first sitting senator elected president.
What was return to normalcy
Return to normalcy, central campaign slogan of Republican nominee Warren G. Harding’s successful campaign for the U.S. presidency in 1920.
The farmers’ crisis
The After World War I, farmers were left with the heavy debts they were encouraged to take on during the war. They owned more land and more equipment than they needed, while demand for their product significantly decreased. Market surplus led land and agricultural prices to plummet. Government relief was not provided.
declining food prices –why?
Farm prices rose, the Government called for increased production, and farmers responded. Large quantities of food went to our overseas allies and to relieve hunger in Europe after the War. Then, agricultural prices collapsed in July 1920, largely because of a sudden decline in export demand.
The changes in the American way of life and American values in the 1920s in the areas of consumerism, communications, religion, and the role of women (pink collar jobs).
The term “pink collar worker” was coined by the sociologist William J. Baumol in the 1960s. American writer and social critic Louise Kapp Howe later used and publicized it in the 1970s. Howe used the term to describe the jobs women assumed at the time, such as nurses, teachers, secretaries, etc
The Roaring Twenties
The end of the First World War in 1918 was a time of great social and economic transition that led directly to what made the 1920’s “The Roaring Twenties.” Soldiers who fought in the First World War, then called “The Great War,” and survived came home with devastating injuries to both body and mind.
The importance of the automobile to the American economy
The growth of the automobile industry caused an economic revolution across the United States. Dozens of spin-off industries blossomed. Of course the demand for vulcanized rubber skyrocketed. Road construction created thousands of new jobs, as state and local governments began funding highway design.
The significance of the Scopes Monkey Trial.
The trial publicized the fundamentalist–modernist controversy, which set Modernists, who said evolution could be consistent with religion, against fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge.
Eugenics movement
Many Social Darwinists embraced laissez-faire capitalism and racism. They believed that government should not interfere in the “survival of the fittest” by helping the poor, and promoted the idea that some races are biologically superior to others.
Birth control and margeret sangher
Margaret Sanger devoted her life to legalizing birth control and making it universally available for women. Believing that “enforced motherhood is the most complete denial of a woman’s right to life and liberty,” public health nurse Margaret Sanger coins the term “birth control” and begins her decades-long campaign to make contraceptives legal and available to women in America.
Cinema and its evolution
During the early 1920s, every movie was silent. Cinemas employed musicians to play the piano or electric organ during the films. In 1927 “talking pictures” or “talkies” began with Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer. Cinema became the main form of popular entertainment.
The 1921-22 Washington Naval Conference
The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, the Four-Power Treaty, and the Nine-Power Treaty, was a treaty among the major nations that had won World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction.
Disarmament treaties
The disarmament agreements were treaties in which the two superpowers agreed to limit or reduce the creation of new warheads and weapons of mass destruction.
- The contributions of American entrepreneurs such as Walt Disney
His major accomplishments include producing the first synchronized sound cartoon, Steamboat Willie (1928); initiating the use of the three-color process in animation for motion pictures; producing the first feature-length animated picture, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937); and creating the family theme park
Henry ford contributions
Henry Ford founded Ford Motor Company and invented the famous Model T car. Ford introduced several innovations to the car industry, including the moving assembly line method of production, which had a major impact on vehicle manufacturing as well as the American economy more broadly.
18th amendment
The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. The amendment was proposed by Congress on December 18, 1917, and ratified by the requisite number of states on January 16, 1919.
wet” and “dry” and prohibition
Dry. From the days of early settlement in the late 1800s, the struggle between the “Drys” — those who sought to ban alcohol — and the “Wets” — those who were in favor — shaped the relationship between the Red River border communities of Fargo and Moorhead.
