Industrial Revolution 10.1-11.1-11.2

Question 1

Capital

Answer 1

a ready supply of money

Question 2

Entrepreneur

Answer 2

a person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profit, risk takers

Question 3

Cottage industry

Answer 3

inefficient production done at home

Question 4

James Hargreaves

Answer 4

inventor of the spinning Jenny (1764)

Question 5

Spinning Jenny

Answer 5

a machine that made the spinning process for cotton cloth much faster and more efficient

Question 6

Edmund Cartwright

Answer 6

inventor of the water-powered loom

Question 7

Water-powered loom

Answer 7

used hydro-electric power to make the weaving of cloth to be as fast as the spinning of thread

Question 8

James Watt

Answer 8

a Scottish engineer who made advancements to the steam engine

Question 9

Advancements to the steam engine made by James Watt

Answer 9

allowed it to drive machinery so it could be used to weave and spin cotton. It was an engine that used rapid condensation of steam.

Question 10

Henry Cort

Answer 10

developed the process of puddling

Question 11

Puddling

Answer 11

a process which used coke, which came from coal, to burn away impurities in crude oil to produce high quality iron

Question 12

What are impurities in crude oil called?

Answer 12

Iron pig

Question 13

Industrial capitalism

Answer 13

an economic system based on industrial production

Question 14

What happened to the money invested into the factories and businesses during industrial capitalism?

Answer 14

Money invested in these factories and businesses launched a new middle class- The Industrial Middle Class

Question 15

Socialism

Answer 15

an economic system or government where society owns and controls the means of production such as factories and utilities

Question 16

What was the significance of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain?

Answer 16

The significance of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain allowed for more people to be fed at lower prices with less labor because of better farming practices. At this time, ordinary British families could use some of their income to buy manufactured goods. An increased food supply led to an increase in population.

Question 17

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

Answer 17

Great Britain was not only the world’s richest nation, but they had many resources such as cotton and iron which grew into large industries that were improved over time. They produced one half of the world’s coal and manufactured goods. Britain also had plenty of rivers that provided water power for factories and transportation for raw materials and finished products. Further, the Enclosure Movement Laws turned small farms into big farms, leaving many people jobless and forced to move to the city to find work. Lastly, Great Britain had CAPITAL

Question 18

What factors fed the spread of industrialization in Europe and North America?

Answer 18

Factors such as transportation helped spread industrialization in Europe and North America. For instance, governments built more roads, canals, and railroads. Iron rails were built across Europe. Across North America, steam boats allowed for more transportation as well. The increase of transportation allowed for more products to be transported and industrialization to be spread. There was also the migration of people from farms in rural areas to cities.

Question 19

What was the social impact of industrialization in Europe?

Answer 19

During the first half of the Industrial Revolution, two new social classes; the industrial middle class and the industrial working class. The Factory Act of 1833 protected working children and pushed the working age from 5 to 9. At the time, there were brutal working conditions in the factories and crowded living conditions. Flats meant for one family were filled with seven. Children started working as early as the age of 5. Workers worked 14-16 hours a day with no healthcare in dangerous conditions with 1 break. The life expectancy at this time was 35. This led to calls for reform to change these inhumane conditions.

Question 20

Why do you think the working conditions during the Industrial Revolution led some to argue for socialism?

Answer 20

Because of the hazardous working conditions, people want the government to own and control production and force them to work in these conditions. The working class wanted better living conditions and were jealous of the upper class, leading to them wanting to have socialism so everyone would be equal with no social classes and all would be economically the same. They also believed that people show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment.

Question 21

Assembly line

Answer 21

pioneered by Henry Ford, it was a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods

Question 22

Mass production

Answer 22

a production of goods in quantity usually by machinery

Question 23

Karl Marx

Answer 23

A German philosopher, and Father of Socialism, who supported the ideas of socialism and pushed for it; especially upon seeing the horrific conditions in the industrial factories and blamed industrial capitalism, at which he was appalled. He also co-wrote “The Communist Manifesto”

Question 24

Marxists

Answer 24

followers who agreed with the ideas of Karl Marx

Question 25

Bourgeoisie

Answer 25

Middle class oppressors who owned the means of production including land, raw materials, and money. This class included merchants, industrialists, bankers, and professional people and took up 15% of the population.

Question 26

Proletariat

Answer 26

Working class who were oppressed and depended on the oppressors (bourgeoisie). This class included blue-collared workers who worked in the factories, and they took up 80% of the population.

Question 27

European Wealthy Elite Upper class

Answer 27

This class took up only 5% of the population, but controlled almost 40% of the wealth including the bourgeoisie (industrialists, bankers, and merchants) and the already rich aristocracy

Question 28

Revisionists

Answer 28

Marxists who believed that workers have to organize in mass political parties and work with other political parties to cause reform instead of defeating capitalism by a violent reform. They thought they had to be democratic in order to achieve socialism.

Question 29

What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe?

Answer 29

There were many more job opportunities, especially for women. There were so many job openings, but not enough men. Women were able to get jobs in education, health, and social services. The Bessemer process made high-quality steel. Other new inventions (electricity, radio, telephone, street cars, subway system, internal combustion engine) also affected growth of the industrial production, world economy, etc.

Question 30

What was used to fuel the internal combustion engine

Answer 30

gasoline

Question 31

How were the effects of industrialization uneven across Europe?

Answer 31

Not everyone had a high quality of life. For example, some people were supported by the lower class, who did not get the same benefits as the upper class. Europe was divided into 2 economic zones:

Industrial: Britain, Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, W. Austro-Hungarian empire, N. Italy

Agricultural: S. Italy, most of the Austro-Hungarian empire, Spain, Portugal, the Balkans, Russia

Agricultural countries provided food and raw materials for the industrial countries, and had a much lower standard of living than the rest of Europe.

Question 32

How was socialism a response to industrialization?

Answer 32

Socialism was a response to industrialization by implementing an economic system complete opposite of the then current one in place. Socialism did not believe that the people should be able to make their own choices.

Conditions in factories were horrible and socialists blamed industrial capitalism for these conditions. Socialism wanted to create a classless society with no economic differences.

Question 33

What issues divided pure Marxist socialists from revisionists?

Answer 33

Pure Marxist socialists believe that socialism should be achieved through violent revolution whereas revisionists believed that in order to achieve socialism, they had to work with political parties.
Revisionists rejected revolution and thought workers should organize mass political parties, form coalitions with other parties to reform, and achieve their goals diplomatically within the democratic system.

Question 34

Feminism

Answer 34

movement for women’s rights that advocated equality for women based on the doctrine for natural rights

Question 35

Suffrage

Answer 35

the right to vote

Question 36

Why did European cities grow so quickly in the nineteenth century?

Answer 36

European cities expanded rapidly in the nineteenth century because of the many job opportunities. In rural areas, there were very few jobs available, so many people migrated to urban areas to find work. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there were also many improvements in public health and sanitation which also impacted growth in cities.

Question 37

Discuss the major social changes that occurred during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Answer 37

The Second Industrial Revolution led to a new social class that was between the lower-middle and lower classes. These white-collar workers were not paid much, but supported ideas of the middle-class. This class included traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, department store salespeople, and secretaries.

European Wealthy Elite Upper Class - 5% of the population, controlled almost 40% of the wealth including the bourgeoisie (industrialists, bankers, merchants) and the already rich aristocracy. They had inherited wealth. The American versions of this would be the Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and Aster families.
The White Collar Middle Class - 15% of the population combined, doctors and lawyers to shopkeepers and secretaries
The Working Lower Class - 80% of the population, landholding (renting) farmers, laborers
Urban Working Class - less than 1% of the population, were artisans and servants to the Elite (European Wealthy Elite Upper Class)

Question 38

How did the Second Industrial Revolution influence women’s roles in society?

Answer 38

After the Second Industrial Revolution, there were many job openings and opportunities, but not enough men to fill them. Therefore women were able to join the workforce. Women were able to get jobs in education, health, and social services, as clerks, typists, secretaries, and salesclerks.
Women had more possibilities of focusing on the welfare of fewer children, since women began careers and using birth control. By the 1840s, women felt empowered and demanded equality; they wanted to own land and the right to vote. Most women didn’t gain these rights in the world until after WWI (1919).

Question 39

How did the working class families change in the 1800’s?

Answer 39

Due to reform, families were able to live more comfortably. Living conditions were improved, wages increased, costs decreased, and workers had more time off with shorter work days. Further women started to have less children because of better economic conditions and birth control.
As women went into the workforce, they had more money and weekend leisure time with family. Holidays such as Christmas and its Yule log, tree, songs and exchange of gifts became a very popular time with families.
Childhood was over by age 9 or 10 and kids began working.

Question 40

What were some reasons governments promoted public education?

Answer 40

Industrialization promoted public education because during the Second Industrial Revolution, workers needed to be trained and skilled. Political aspects also played a key role because primary schools established the idea of patriotism and there was a need for better educated voters when they gave more people the right to vote. Further, almost all women were teachers and were paid less, which were incentives to the governments that they were cheap laborers.

Question 41

What is the Marxist interpretation of history?

Answer 41

The Marxist interpretation of history is that history is defined by the class struggles. The Marxist interpretation believes all of history is based on the inequalities of mankind. These injustices lead to the fight for humanity and reform.

Question 42

What 2 classes are in struggle with one another in this industrial era? How do you define each class?

Answer 42

The two classes in a struggle with one another are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie was a small group of middle class men that was about 15% of the population that consisted of white-collar workers such as merchants, industrialists, and entrepreneurs. The proletariat was a large class full of blue-collared workers that was about 80% of the population. The bourgeoisie were the oppressors, and the proletariat were the oppressed. The bourgeoisie benefited from the labor of the proletariat, whereas the proletarians had no benefits and had poor living conditions. (parasitism)

Question 43

What are Marx’s main arguments against the bourgeoisie class?

Answer 43

Marx argued that the bourgeoisie exploited the proletarians. Because the bourgeoisie owned the means of production, it created social inequality where they lived off the benefits of the strenuous, horrific labor of the working class.

Question 44

According to Marx, how are proletarians treated under a capitalist, industrial system of life?

Answer 44

Proletarians are treated as objects being used to make money for others while not getting any benefit. Marx also believes that the proletarians are comparable to slaves; they are “enslaved by the machine” working long hours.

Question 45

Who, does Marx argue, will bring an end to the bourgeoisie class and the capitalist economic system? How will this be achieved?

Answer 45

Marx says that the proletarians will bring down the bourgeoisie class by using its “political supremacy” to take away all their capital and move all of the means of production to the people.

Question 46

In general terms, what will a Communist society look like once the proletarians have successfully revolted?

Answer 46

Once the proletarians have successfully revolted, a Communist society would have equality for all. Including equal pay for all, no matter what they did. Everyone will get the same salary no matter the difference in labor. There would also be no political powers or social classes. The means of production will also be owned and controlled by the people.

Question 47

What was the original purpose of the steam engine?

Answer 47

To pull water out of mines