Imperialism 12.1-12.2-12.3-13.1

Question 1

Imperialism

Answer 1

the extension of a nation’s power over other lands; controls politically, economically, and culturally
- originally in the 17th - early 19th century
- was to colonize Africa and Asia to set up trading posts and spread Christianity
- late 19th century imperialism was called “new imperialism” which now they wanted direct control of the vast areas

Question 2

Problems from Imperialism

Answer 2

• demeaned local people
• abused natural resources; forced locals to grow what colonists wanted, etc.
• persecuted local religions
• stole profits from exports
• caused animosity among East vs. West (establishing future wars ie. WWII, Korean War, and Vietnam War)

Question 3

Racism

Answer 3

the belief that race determines a person’s traits and capabilities

Question 4

Protectorate

Answer 4

a political unit that depends on another government for its protection
- The French imperialized Vietnam by claiming it a protectorate under the country of France to ensure Britain wouldn’t try to take it over

Question 5

Indirect rule

Answer 5

a colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

Question 6

Direct rule

Answer 6

a colonial government in which local elites were removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country
- political rights of local people varied by colony

Question 7

France - direct rule

Answer 7

• sends officials and soldiers from France to administer
• goal: impose French culture on colonies and then into French provinces
• France was the first country to implement direct rule

Question 8

Britain - indirect rule

Answer 8

• use sultans, local rulers/chiefs etc.
• encourage children of Western rulers to get education in Britain (to groom a new Westernized generation of leaders)

Question 9

What were the motivations for the new imperialism?

Answer 9

Economic: raw materials and new markets
Political: increased their power over other nations
Ideological: a sense of moral responsibility to bring Christianity, democracy, and capitalism
- direct control over vast territories
- looking for markets and raw materials for industry
- competition and rivalry, trying to get an edge
- civilize primitive people

Question 10

How did Europeans justify imperialism?

Answer 10

• moral responsibility to civilize primitive people they called “White Man’s Burden”
• spread Christianity
• Western democracy; people’s government
• capitalism; $ economy
• protect trade and possessions
• country protects colony; protectorate

Question 11

How did colonial powers govern their colonies?

Answer 11

• exploit natural resources
• export raw materials; colonies couldn’t have their own industries; plantation agriculture
• indirect rule; political government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their authority
• direct rule; local elites were removed from power, replaced by officials brought by colonizing country

Question 12

What kind of economic system did colonial rulers establish?

Answer 12

• plantation agriculture was set up to grow and export cash crops to the Mother countries
• a money system replaced the traditional barter system
• peasants were given low wages to farm the land and heavily taxed; leading to poverty and starvation
• mercantilism; the colonies were exploited by raw resources which were exported to be sent back to the powering country, ‘Mother Country’, to be made into goods to be sold

Question 13

How did indigenous people in Southeast Asia respond to colonial rule?

Answer 13

Indigenous people in Southeast Asia responded to colonial rule with resistance. They started organizations, uprisings, and resistance movements. These movements were based off of nationalism and supported the economic interests and religious beliefs of the people, including Buddhism
- resistance from the ruling class (tribal chiefs/leaders)
- peasant revolts
- a Westernized urban middle class began to demand national independence and rights

Question 14

Annex

Answer 14

• to incorporate a country within another country
• to incorporate into an existing political unit, such as a city or country

Question 15

Indigenous

Answer 15

• people native to a region

Question 16

David Livingstone

Answer 16

• British explorer
• stayed and explored Africa for 30 years through uncharted regions
• explored and named Victoria Falls and Zambezi River

Question 17

Berlin Conference of 1884

Answer 17

• a conference set up by King Leopold II of Belgium to claim the central Congo region of Africa
• 7 European countries showed up to set up artificial boundary lines to stake land claims
• Belgium, Germany, France, Britain, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were present
• political motivation
• saw both British and German claims for territory in East Africa
• no African delegates were present
• Portugal got Mozambique

Question 18

Boers

Answer 18

original Dutch settlers who had occupied Cape Town since the 17th century

Question 19

The Boer War 1899-1902

Answer 19

• Dutch Boers went to war with the British who wanted to claim Southern African region
• gold and diamonds in the Boer territory
• After the British swarmed the Transvaal (Boer territory) the Boers mistreated the British
• Cecil Rhodes, head of the Cape Colony, backed raid of the British settlers against the Transvaal government starting a war
• The British won causing heavy casualties and torture to the Boers; 120,000 Boer women went to detention camps; 20,000 died
• The British created an independent state part of the British empire
• Appease the Boers, British allowed whites to vote and have rights
• Lead to Apartheid and struggle for South African Blacks to have freedom

Question 20

Why were European countries interested in West Africa and North Africa?

Answer 20

Europeans were interested in the trade potential and transportation. They wanted to build a canal to connect the Mediterranean and the Red seas. This canal, the Suez canal, would allow easier access between Europe and Asia without having to go around Africa. After the canal was built, Britain wanted to gain more control because they wanted a connection to India. Europeans also sought after the raw materials of the area such as peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil.
- Western Africa was under the control of the French and British

Question 21

Why did motivated European countries compete for colonies in Central Africa and East Africa?

Answer 21

European countries competed for colonies in this area because the area was not yet fully civilized. The European countries also wanted more control over the region. Britain was interested in connecting their empire all the way from South Africa to Egypt. The German chancellor, Otto van Bismarck, saw it as an opportunity to win more elections.
- Central and Eastern Africa were under the control of Belgium, Germany, Italy, and France
- Spread Christianity
- Wanted control for national pride
- “Civilize” the local indigenous people

Question 22

What were the effects of the Berlin conference of 1884 that Leopold II set up for the scramble for Africa?

Answer 22

The Berlin Conference let European countries take over African colonies with no regard for the current social structures. The people had no say and weren’t even present at the conference allowing the European countries to divide up Africa for their benefits such as imperialism and trade
- artificial boundary lines cut through local tribal lands, dividing African ethnic groups and people
- Sparked African nationalism and revolts against the imperializing countries
- Africans wanted independence and to self-rule

Question 23

How was European dominance different in South Africa?

Answer 23

In South Africa, Europeans excluded non-European from their colonies and settlements. For example, the Boers wouldn’t allow any non-European into their settlements unless they were used as slaves or servants. They misplaced the indigenous people and placed them in areas on reservations. The Zulu people and empire were defeated after years once the British military was involved. However, the Europeans also had issues with other Europeans. Such as the Boers and the British fought against each other.
- In South Africa, the British had to contend not only with a native population, but with a significant population of Boers who felt that the land was theirs
- competitions between the white groups over land and over other land mineral resources lead to war

Question 24

In what ways were Western nations hypocritical in their treatment of colonies?

Answer 24

Western nations claimed their goals for colonizing these regions was to further civilize and modernize them. Instead, they exploited them for their labor and materials and mistreated and misplaced the indigenous people of the land.
- gap in theory and practice in colonial policy
- Westerners denied those that were colonized democracy, political freedom, and equality
- justified imperialism with these reasons, but denied them almost all

Question 25

Indian Religions

Answer 25

• Hinduism (80%): polytheistic, believed in many gods, believed in reincarnation, vegetarian - no meat or killing animals, the cow is sacred, goal of the soul is Moksha
• Muslim (14%): monotheistic, believed in one god, single, and sacred life, no pork or alcohol, goal is to enter Paradise in afterlife
• Sikhism (4%)
• Jainism (1%)
• Other (1%)

Question 26

Sepoys

Answer 26

• Indian soldiers hired by the British East India Company to protect the company’s interests in the area (India)
• Both Muslim and Hindu
• Always lead by a British solider
• 230,000 Indian soldiers to 45,000 British soldiers

Question 27

Sepoy Rebellion

Answer 27

• rumors the Sepoy’s new rifle cartridges had cow and pig grease on them; cow was sacred to Hindus, pig was taboo to Muslims
• load a rifle, soldiers had to bite off the end of the cartridge, the Sepoy refused to load the rifles in fear of being polluted
• the British charged at and humiliated and imprisoned them
• enraged Sepoy troops leading to them to kill 50 Europeans and start the rebellion
• although failed, the rebellion helped fuel Indian nationalism

Question 28

Viceroy

Answer 28

• after the Sepoy Mutiny, the British government officially made India a colony
• a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch
• appointed a British official, a viceroy, to rule India directly

Question 29

What was the source of conflict between the British and Indian people?

Answer 29

The Indians had their own religious beliefs that weren’t respected by the British. Because of a rumor that the rifle cartridges had cow and pig grease on them, the Sepoy did not want to be polluted by it by putting their lips on it. Instead of respecting their culture and religion, the British charged and captured, and imprisoned them. This enraged Indian princes who were upset their land was being seized by the British.

Question 30

What were the effects of the Great Rebellion in India?

Answer 30

After the rebellion, British Parliament gave the British government control over the East India company, and Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. British rule in India helped stabilize the government bringing order and society to the nation and led to a fairer more honest government. A school system that taught English was established with help from British administrator and historian, Lord Thomas Macaulay. However only 10% of the population was educated; the elite and upper class. Indians were hired to build roads, canals, universities, and medical facilities. Later, a postal system was introduced. Then, India’s first railway opened in Bombay in 1853. In India, there were also improvements to health and sanitation conditions.

Question 31

What was the price Indians had to pay for the increased stability of British rule?

Answer 31

There was a great economic price Indians had to pay. Local industries were destroyed by British manufactured goods. British textiles also destroyed the Indian textile industry putting thousands of women jobless. Zamindars collecting taxes in the rural areas took advantage of their new power and increased taxes. Further, less fortunate peasant were forced to become tenants or lose their land all together. From 1800 to 1900, 30 million Indians died of starvation because the food supply couldn’t keep up with the growing population, especially since the British wanted the Indians to plant more cotton instead of food. Indians also didn’t get all the same or best housing and jobs the British got.
- a new system was set up for children to serve in the government and army
- Indians were racially discriminated and were denied jobs

Question 32

What difficulties did the Indian National Congress face?

Answer 32

The INC faced difficulties with different religious backgrounds. The INC wanted independence for all Indians, but the majority of its leaders were Hindu and only brought up their own concerns for their own religion. This caused the Muslims to create their own group, helping to account for the interest of millions of more Indians.
- goal was to share power and work with the British governments; not revolution
- Indian nationalists were upper-class and English educated
- slow pace of law reform to gain more rights and self rule in India caused tension
- Gandhi, English educated Indian, paved the way for his satygraha movement of non-violent civil disobedience, which was hard for Indians to accept, however it would lead to Independence after WWII

Question 33

Why did Indians express a renewed interest in their native cultures?

Answer 33

Indians expressed a renewed interest in their native cultures beginning in the 19th century when a British College in Calcutta was started. Then a local publishing house was established, that printed textbooks on numerous subjects including science, Sanskrit, Western literature, and even grammar and dictionaries in India languages. This spread to other areas and led to a search for a new national identity. Indian writers wrote historical romances and epics. The preferred to write in a borrowed colonial language and in their own regional language.
- British showed disrespect for Indian culture
- Taj Mahal was a tomb for a wife of an Indian ruler and the British used the site for parties and weddings
- newspapers and literature focused on Indian culture, national pride, and history

Question 34

Opium War

Answer 34

• opium was grown in India by the British and sold to the Chinese
• Chinese wanted the British to stop drug-trafficking
• The British made significant money from this
• Chinese citizens were dying and falling in the streets, and weren’t productive in the offices, creating an economic crisis with too much money flowing out of the country instead of in
• released morally to the British government to not prevail
• the Chinese decided to blockade Guangzhou to force traders to give up their opium which resulted in the British responding with force
• Lead to the start of the Opium War (1839-1842)
• The British destroyed Chinese coastal and river forts
• When a British fleet sailed almost unstopped up the Chang Jiang to Nanjing, the Qing Dynasty called for peace

Question 35

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

Answer 35

Treaty that ended and called for peace after the opium war
Chinese agreed to
- open up 5 coastal ports to British trade
- limit taxes on imported British goods
- pay for the costs of war
- give Britain ownership of Hong Kong; major coastal port
- Britain was given extraterritoriality

Nothing in the treaty discussed the opium trade

Question 36

Tai Ping Rebellion

Answer 36

• Chinese government failed to deal with pressing internal problems leading to the Tai Ping Rebellion, a peasant revolt
• economic problems against the Empress; too much Western powers and people were starving
• Lead by Hong Xiuquan, a Christian convert who saw himself as Jesus’ younger brother
• Hong said God sent him a mission to destroy the Qing Dynasty
• Hong and peasants captured Yongan and then the 2nd largest city Nanjing, and killed 25,000 people
• 14 year rebellion and around 20 million people died
• one of the most devastating civil wars in history
• ended in 1864 when Chinese and European forces recaptured Nanjing and destroyed the remaining rebels
• Weakened the dynasty

Question 37

Extraterritoriality

Answer 37

• living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws
• In the 5 coastal ports, Europeans were subject to their own laws of their country
• broke a law / did something illegal, not punished, tested in their own courts

Question 38

Spheres of Influence

Answer 38

• areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges
• warlords would let foreign powers into their territory in exchange for money
• railroads for trade and foreign factories began being built
• spheres of Influence in China; Britain, France, Japan, Germany, and U.S.

Question 39

Open Door Policy

Answer 39

• a policy prompted by U.S. secretary of state John Hay in 1899 that stated all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country
• reflected American concern for the survival of China
• reflected interests of U.S. trading companies; wanted to operate in open markets and disliked spheres of influence
• reduced restrictions on foreign imports imposed by the dominating power within each sphere
• not good enough for China and another rebellion would start

Question 40

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 40

• more economic hardship due to land takeover by foreign powers led to a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists
• Chinese men were boxers and martial artists
• disliked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts, threatened Chinese traditions
• 20,000 British, French, German, Russian, American, and Japanese troops attacked Beijing in Aug. 1900, restored order, demanded more from the Chinese

Question 41

Why do you think the Qing Dynasty wanted to limit contact with foreign nations?

Answer 41

The Qing Dynasty wanted to limit contact with foreign nations in order to maintain control of their nation and dominance in trade. The Qing Dynasty must’ve realized how weak they were and if foreign countries took advantage of that, they could be easily overthrown. Further, they wanted to maintain dominance in trade such as opium so more wealth flows in instead of out.
- by 1870 Qing Dynasty was in decline
- peasants wanted reforms to allow Western technology to strengthen China and set up democracy
- If happened, Qing Dynasty (ruling with consent of God like a monarchy and inheriting power) would lose all power

Question 42

Explain if the Boxer Rebellion did anything to reduce the foreign presence in China?

Answer 42

No, their rebellion did not have much influence on foreign presence in China. Because of their anger, they rebelled and killed foreigners and Chinese converts to Christianity. However, their rebellion was put down by an allied foreign army, showing how much power the Western nations had. They also had the upper hand to China who had to pay the countries such as Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and America for the damages of the uprising, further weakening the empire.
- if anything it added presence because Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and U.S. all banded together and sent more troops to defend their imperialized areas

Question 43

Assimilation and Paternalism

Answer 43

In order to establish more direct control over their colonies, because the French and other nations believed Africans were unable to handle the complexity of running a country, the French turned towards a policy of paternalism and assimilation. Paternalism means that they were governed directly by a European power, but were given no rights as a citizen of the colony. Assimilation meant that in time, the local people would adopt French culture and language, becoming like the French. This policy was adopted because of the belief of the inferiority of African culture and institutions compared to those of European nations.

Question 44

Crimean War

Answer 44

Geopolitics took a large role during the period of imperialization, and it means a nation’s interest in land for its strategic position or products, this played a role in Russia vs. Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire controlled all access to the Mediterranean and Atlantic sea trade, creating jealousy from Russia due to their cold weather ports. In an effort to gain control of more trading routes, specifically warm weather ports, the Russian empire began the Crimean War in 1853 to take Ottoman lands. Britain and France entered the war alongside the Ottoman Empire, leading to the eventual defeat of Russia. However, the war exposed just how weak the Ottoman Empire was. The Ottoman Empire began to rapidly lose land and power, leading all the way to WWI.

Question 45

What was the motive for the Berlin Conference?

Answer 45

Political
- more land
- more power
- national pride

Question 46

What was the motive for the Boer War?

Answer 46

Economic
- gold and diamond mines
- Britain wanted access and control of the resources
- wanted to expand trade

Question 47

What was the motive for assimilation?

Answer 47

White Man’s Burden
- thought that they were unable to rule themselves
- governed directly
- no rights
- adopt French culture

Question 48

What was the motive for the Crimean War?

Answer 48

Economic
- Russia was jealous of the Ottoman Empire’s access to warm weather ports all over the Mediterranean and Atlantic
- Russia only had cold weather ports
- wanted to expand trade/ open new markets

Question 49

What was the motive for the Sepoy Mutiny

Answer 49

Religious
- Hindu and Muslim rights were not respected by the British
- did not wanted to be polluted by the pig and cow grease as the animals were a sin and sacred to their cultures

Question 50

What was the motive for Industrialization aids Exploration?

Answer 50

Exploratory
- drive / need for colonies and spheres of influence motivated nations to explore and expand their land/territory
- inventions and industrialization helped make travel and exploration faster and more efficient