industrial period 1700-1900 Flashcards
context
period of industrial rev
growth of towns and cities
growth of british empire
reduced role of religion on laws
-govt key in law making
increasing humanitarian attitudes
population rise
10 m to 40 m
decriminalisation of witchcraft
1735
tolpuddle martyrs
wanted to form trade union to improve wages
sentenced to 7 yrs transportation to aus
protests led to reversing this punishment after 4 yrs
public attitudes influence actions of govt
smuggling/highway robbery/ poaching
def of crime continuity
smuggling
- high import taxes
- luxury goods (wine cloth tea silk)
- social crime made it difficult to catch
highway robbery
-medieval crime (attacking walkers moving to another town)
poaching
-continued problem for rich landowners
- crime against auth + property
def of crime changes
smuggling
- smuggling gangs
- more organised
- supported by upper classes
- by 1780 govt reduced import tax
highway robbery
-more common ( incr trade, isolated roads)
- more movement of wealth
- 1772 made a capital crime
- declined with creation of banks + better patrols
poaching
- more organised gangs
- govt made laws harsher
- 1723 black act- capital crime
- 1823 black act repealed by robert peel
law enforcement continuity
town/ parish constables still dealt with local crimes
watchmen protect wealthy property
bow street runners were an example of thief takers
law enforcement change
some towns had paid constables
bow st runners
bow st runners
1748- set up by henry fielding
1785- govt officially pays for them
1829- met police force
1856- police act- all areas have professional force
1869- first national crime records - telegraph tech
1878- CID set up ( criminal investigations dept)
pentonville prison conditions
built 1842
wanted tough but healthy prisons
sep cells for 23 hrs
worked for 12 hours
exercise and work separated
small cells with heating and ventilation
highly disciplined
no talking
govt wanted to be seen as harsh
pntv prison objections
many suffered mental illness inside
humanitarians wanted improvements and focus on rehabilitation
punishment continuity
belief in bloody code until 1800s
1810= 222 crimes still punishable by death
transportation continued
punishment change
transportation to aus no longer n america
transportation ended in 1868
prison seen as good alternative to previous methods of punishment
conditions improved in prisons ( eliz fry + john howard)
specific prison buildings built
prison key change dates
1815- gaolers no longer paid by inmates
1816 - first national prison in london
1823- prisoners split + chaplains visit
35- goals act- inspectors to visit
39- prisons act- separate system in prisons
65- prisons act- national rules for prisons
- prison emphasised as retribution and deterrent
77- all prisons under govt auth
98- prisons act- emphasises rehabilitation and reform of prisoners
prisons / penal reform
elizabeth fry view of improving cond
aim- prevent crime and reform prisoners
reduced capital crimes by 100 in 1825
1823 gaols act- women looked after by women
- no use of chains to restrict inmates
