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GCSE Medicine (Shuttleworth College) > Industrial Medicine > Flashcards

Industrial Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A

The man who created the first vaccination

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2
Q

What disease did Jenner vaccinate against?

A

Smallpox

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3
Q

How did Jenner create his vaccine?

A

By injecting someone with cowpox it would make someone immune to smallpox. This was because the diseases shared similar bacteria

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4
Q

Why was vaccination a better option than inoculation?

A

Inoculation involved giving the patient a small amount of actual smallpox bacteria. This meant that the patient experienced all of the symptoms and side effects including heavy scarring and potential blindness. Too large a dose could also kill the patient.

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5
Q

What were the positives of vaccination?

A

It made a patient safely immune to smallpox

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6
Q

What were the limitations to Jenners vaccination?

A

He did not understand why it worked meaning that he could not replicate it for other diseases.

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7
Q

Why was there opposition to the work of Jenner?

A

Doctors would lose the money that they used to charge for inoculating people.
Some doctors used dirty needles to vaccinate patients leading to deaths from infection.
The Church thought it was unnatural to inject people with cowpox.
People did not understand how it worked so were scared of it.

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8
Q

In what year did Jenner publish his work on vaccinations?

A

1798

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9
Q

What was the name of the society set up to spread Jenners work?

A

The Jennerian society

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10
Q

How did the government help Jenners work?

A

They made vaccination compulsory in 1852

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11
Q

What were the main believed causes of disease in the 19th century?

A 
Sponteneous generation (the idea that germs were created as a result of infections) 
Miasma (the idea that bad air caused disease)
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12
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur?

A

A French scientist who came up with the Germ Theory

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13
Q

When was the Germ Theory created?

A

1861

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14
Q

What was Germ Theory?

A

The idea that microbes called germs caused disease and infection

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15
Q

How did industry help Pasteur to create his theory?

A

He was asked to find out why certain vats of beer turned sour

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16
Q

What type of flask was used by Pasteur in his experiments?

A

A swan neck flask. This helped to prevent microbes in the air from reaching the solution therefore keeping it sterile.

17
Q

Which scientist built on the work of Louis Pasteur?

A

Robert Koch

18
Q

What did Koch discover?

A

How to isolate the specific microbes (bacteria) that caused individual bacteria eg. anthrax.
How to stain bacteria to make them easier to see
How to use agar jelly to store samples of bacteria

19
Q

How did Pasteur develop the work of Jenner?

A

He discovered that by using dead or weak bacteria from a disease you could create a vaccine against it

20
Q

How did the work of Pasteur and Koch help medicine to progress?

A

It showed what the real causes of disease and infection were. This allowed doctors and scientists to use effective and relevant prevention’s

21
Q

What did John Snow discover?

A

That cholera was spread through water

22
Q

Which believed cause of disease did this disprove?

A

Miasma

23
Q

What were eventually built by the government to prevent cholera?

A

Sewers and reservoirs

24
Q

Who designed the London sewers?

A

Joseph Bazelgette

25
Q

Which social reformer began the Public Health Acts?

A

Edwin Chadwick

26
Q

What did the 1848 Public Health Act attempt to implement?

A

The establishment of a Board of Health for each council

Encouraged councils to improve the living conditions of the poor (loans were made available to help with this)

27
Q

What were the problems with the 1848 Public Health Act?

A

It was not compulsory

It relied on the rich ratepayers agreeing to tax increases

28
Q

What was the name of the attitude held by the government in the 19th century?

A

Laissez Faire (the idea of a hands off government that did not intervene)

29
Q

What was included in the 1875 Public Health Act?

A

Providing a clean water supply
Ensuring good quality housing
Medical officers were required to check the cause of death of residents
Inspectors checked that food was not contaminated before it was sold

30
Q

Why was the 1875 Public Health Act more effective than 1848?

A

It was compulsory therefore councils had no choice but to make these improvements.

31
Q

Why was the 1875 Public Health Act made compulsory?

A

More poorer people could vote helping them to influence the government
The work of Pasteur and Koch showed what the actual causes of disease were.

32
Q

Who was James Simpson?

A

He pioneered the use of chloroform as an anaesthetic which was more effective than laughing gas.

33
Q

What were the limitations of chloroform?

A

If too much was used it could kill the patient

It could cause heart issues in the patients it was used on.

34
Q

Why did anaesthetics cause problems in surgery?

A

It led to an increase in infection as operations now lasted longer.

35
Q

Who was Joseph Lister?

A

A doctor who discovered that carbolic acid could be used as an antiseptic

36
Q

How did antiseptics help to make surgery safer?

A

By spraying it over open wounds and medical instruments it killed bacteria and helped to prevent infection from occurring. This was called aseptic surgery.

37
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A

A nurse who improved cleanliness and care for patients in hospitals

38
Q

How were hospitals better in the 19th century than in the 17th and 18th?

A

Higher standards of cleanliness
Doctors visited their patients at least once a day
Surgeons were on hand to carry out operations
Nurses were on hand to care for patients

GCSE Medicine (Shuttleworth College) (5 decks)

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