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History - Britain: Healthcare > Industrial Medicine > Flashcards

Industrial Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered Chloroform and when? - INDUSTRIAL

A

James Simpson, a professor of midwifery, in 1847

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2
Q

What factor was in play when chloroform was discovered? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Chance - Simpson was experimenting with anaesthetics and a friend knocked a bottle over, knocking them all unconscious

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3
Q

What problems were there with anaesthetics? - INDUSTRIAL

A

There were problems with calculating the correct dose (Hannah Greener died during a toenail operation)
Some army surgeons believed soldiers should put up with pain
1 in 2500 operations with chloroform led to death

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4
Q

Which famous public figure endorsed Chloroform? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Queen Victoria used Chloroform when giving birth to Prince Leopold

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5
Q

What new theory came to prominence in the industrial era? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Spontaneous generation, where microbes appeared when natural substances rotted. Believed disease caused infection.

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6
Q

Which group…

a) believed that disease was spread by contact with infection
b) believe that disease was spread by messy environments

  • INDUSTRIAL
A

a) Contagionists

b) Anti-Contagionists

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7
Q

Which individuals were anti-contagionists? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Florence Nightingale, James Simpson

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8
Q

When did Pasteur publish germ theory? - INDUSTRIAL

A

1864

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9
Q

How did Pasteur initially discover that microbes spread, causing decay? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Pasteur investigated with swan-necked flasks, noticing that if air didn’t enter liquids, they did not decay.

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10
Q

What process did Pasteur discover killed microbes? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Pasteurisation, the heating up of liquids, was found to kill all microbes

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11
Q

Who was Joseph Lister and what did he discover? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Lister was a Professor or Surgery at Glasgow University, he discovered the first antiseptic, carbolic acid

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12
Q

How did Lister test his theory? - INDUSTRIAL

A

He experimented on a boy with a broken leg, Jamie Greenlees. He used carbolic dressings on the wound, removing microbes. 6 weeks later, he walked out of hospital

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13
Q

What did carbolic acid reduce amputation death rates from + what to? - INDUSTRIAL

A

From 46% without carbolic spray
TO
15% with carbolic spray

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14
Q

Was Charlton Bastian a contagionist or an anti-contagionist? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Charlton Bastian, the most influential surgical writer at the time, was an anti-contagionist

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15
Q

Why was there opposition to antiseptics? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Germ theory wasn’t widely accepted at this point
Lister’s ideas weren’t revolutionary
Patients still got infected as sterile clothing wasn’t worn
Carbolic acid was an irritant to the skin

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16
Q

What limitations did Ether have? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Caused vomiting
Was difficult to inhale
Highly FLAMMABLE

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17
Q

Why was germ theory not originally accepted? (Name 2) - INDUSTRIAL

A

Doctors refused to believe that microscopic germs could damage the human body
Pasteur didn’t investigate human disease
Charlton Bastian rubbished the claims of Pasteur

18
Q

Who identified the microbes causing cattle plague? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Professor Lionel Beale, a microscope pioneer

19
Q

What bacteria that caused disease did Koch discover? - INDUSTRIAL

A 
Anthrax (the first human harming microbes to be discovered)
TB
Cholera
Typhoid
Meningitis
20
Q

What methods did Koch use to make the study of bacteria into a science? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Photographed microbes so that they could be studied by others
Stained microbes so they could be seen under microscopes
Grew microbes on Agar
Injected bacteria from ill animals into healthy animals

21
Q

When did Aseptic surgery become used? - INDUSTRIAL

A

In the 1890s

22
Q

What were the features of Aseptic surgery? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Surgeons scrubbed hands before operating
Surgeons used well cleaned instruments
Surgeons wore sterile gowns and face masks

23
Q

What discovery did Semmelweis discover? + when? - INDUSTRIAL

A

IN 1847 Semmelweis discovered that more women died in hospital than at home. This was because all manner of germs from illnesses and dead bodies were in the same ward with no hygiene. He found that if surgeons washed hands, death rates dropped dramatically.

24
Q

How did Pasteur discover how vaccines work? - INDUSTRIAL

A

When one of Pasteur’s assistants was meant to inject chickens with chicken cholera, but he forgot, and by the time he could, the cholera had been weakened by air, and they became immune due to this. CHANCE

25
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich invent in 1909? - INDUSTRIAL

A

The Salvarsan 606 ‘magic bullet’, which only eliminated syphilis bacteria and no healthy tissue

26
Q

How was war + government responsible for progress? - INDUSTRIAL

A

The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 created an intense rivalry based on pride between Koch and Pasteur, acting as motivation. Both governments funded their scientists as a result of this rivalry

27
Q

Name 3 examples of why public health was poor - INDUSTRIAL

A

4 or 5 people shared a single room
No indoor water supply
No waste collections
Houses were back to back terraces

28
Q

Why was little done to protect public health? (2) - INDUSTRIAL

A

Landlords made huge profits from having small, basic housing
The poor could not afford doctors
There was very little knowledge about causes of illness before 1864
There was little input from the government

29
Q

When were 50,000 people killed in a Cholera outbreak? - INDUSTRIAL

A

1831

30
Q

What Cholera outbreak did John Snow investigate? - INDUSTRIAL

A

The 1854 Soho Cholera outbreak

31
Q

What did John Snow discover? - INDUSTRIAL

A

That all 700 people who died in the 1854 Soho cholera outbreak were drinking from the Broad Street Pump

32
Q

What conclusions did John Snow make from his discovery? - INDUSTRIAL

A

He concluded that the cholera was caused by infected water, not miasma

33
Q

When was ‘The Great Stink’ and what happened? - INDUSTRIAL

A

In summer 1858, the Thames, a dumping ground, began to smell so badly that Parliament began to notice problems with public health

34
Q

What did Parliament do to help with sewage collection + when? - INDUSTRIAL

A

In 1858, Joseph Bazalgette was employed to construct sewers to reduce the waste going into the Thames

35
Q

How much did the sewers cost to construct and when were they fully completed? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Cost £3 million, completed in around 1875

36
Q

When was the 2nd Public Health Act introduced? What changes were made to the previous act? What did this act say would be done? - INDUSTRIAL

A

The 2nd Public Health Act was introduced in 1875
This act was compulsory for councils
This introduced waste collection, sewer construction, medical officers, street lights and a supply of fresh water

37
Q

What was the Artisan’s Dwellings Act? - INDUSTRIAL

A

An act introduced to make house owners responsible for their buildings and to give councils the right to improve slum housing

38
Q

How did political reform improve public health? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Working class men were given the vote in 1867 and were promised improved public health by the Conservative Party. This was a large reason that they were voted into power.

39
Q

Which doctor linked Germ Theory to evidence from doctors and surgeons? - INDUSTRIAL

A

William Roberts

40
Q

Who discovered early anaesthetics like Nitrous Oxide and Ether? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Humphrey Davy discovered Nitrous Oxide

Clark discovered Ether

41
Q

Who wrote a public health report in Britain? - INDUSTRIAL

A

Edwin Chadwick

42
Q

When was the first Public Health Act implemented? + what flaw did it have? - INDUSTRIAL

A

In 1848 the first act was introduced. It was flawed as it was not made compulsory

History - Britain: Healthcare (6 decks)

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