Industrial Medicine Flashcards
Who discovered Chloroform and when? - INDUSTRIAL
James Simpson, a professor of midwifery, in 1847
What factor was in play when chloroform was discovered? - INDUSTRIAL
Chance - Simpson was experimenting with anaesthetics and a friend knocked a bottle over, knocking them all unconscious
What problems were there with anaesthetics? - INDUSTRIAL
There were problems with calculating the correct dose (Hannah Greener died during a toenail operation)
Some army surgeons believed soldiers should put up with pain
1 in 2500 operations with chloroform led to death
Which famous public figure endorsed Chloroform? - INDUSTRIAL
Queen Victoria used Chloroform when giving birth to Prince Leopold
What new theory came to prominence in the industrial era? - INDUSTRIAL
Spontaneous generation, where microbes appeared when natural substances rotted. Believed disease caused infection.
Which group…
a) believed that disease was spread by contact with infection
b) believe that disease was spread by messy environments
- INDUSTRIAL
a) Contagionists
b) Anti-Contagionists
Which individuals were anti-contagionists? - INDUSTRIAL
Florence Nightingale, James Simpson
When did Pasteur publish germ theory? - INDUSTRIAL
1864
How did Pasteur initially discover that microbes spread, causing decay? - INDUSTRIAL
Pasteur investigated with swan-necked flasks, noticing that if air didn’t enter liquids, they did not decay.
What process did Pasteur discover killed microbes? - INDUSTRIAL
Pasteurisation, the heating up of liquids, was found to kill all microbes
Who was Joseph Lister and what did he discover? - INDUSTRIAL
Lister was a Professor or Surgery at Glasgow University, he discovered the first antiseptic, carbolic acid
How did Lister test his theory? - INDUSTRIAL
He experimented on a boy with a broken leg, Jamie Greenlees. He used carbolic dressings on the wound, removing microbes. 6 weeks later, he walked out of hospital
What did carbolic acid reduce amputation death rates from + what to? - INDUSTRIAL
From 46% without carbolic spray
TO
15% with carbolic spray
Was Charlton Bastian a contagionist or an anti-contagionist? - INDUSTRIAL
Charlton Bastian, the most influential surgical writer at the time, was an anti-contagionist
Why was there opposition to antiseptics? - INDUSTRIAL
Germ theory wasn’t widely accepted at this point
Lister’s ideas weren’t revolutionary
Patients still got infected as sterile clothing wasn’t worn
Carbolic acid was an irritant to the skin
What limitations did Ether have? - INDUSTRIAL
Caused vomiting
Was difficult to inhale
Highly FLAMMABLE
Why was germ theory not originally accepted? (Name 2) - INDUSTRIAL
Doctors refused to believe that microscopic germs could damage the human body
Pasteur didn’t investigate human disease
Charlton Bastian rubbished the claims of Pasteur
Who identified the microbes causing cattle plague? - INDUSTRIAL
Professor Lionel Beale, a microscope pioneer
What bacteria that caused disease did Koch discover? - INDUSTRIAL
Anthrax (the first human harming microbes to be discovered) TB Cholera Typhoid Meningitis
What methods did Koch use to make the study of bacteria into a science? - INDUSTRIAL
Photographed microbes so that they could be studied by others
Stained microbes so they could be seen under microscopes
Grew microbes on Agar
Injected bacteria from ill animals into healthy animals
When did Aseptic surgery become used? - INDUSTRIAL
In the 1890s
What were the features of Aseptic surgery? - INDUSTRIAL
Surgeons scrubbed hands before operating
Surgeons used well cleaned instruments
Surgeons wore sterile gowns and face masks
What discovery did Semmelweis discover? + when? - INDUSTRIAL
IN 1847 Semmelweis discovered that more women died in hospital than at home. This was because all manner of germs from illnesses and dead bodies were in the same ward with no hygiene. He found that if surgeons washed hands, death rates dropped dramatically.
How did Pasteur discover how vaccines work? - INDUSTRIAL
When one of Pasteur’s assistants was meant to inject chickens with chicken cholera, but he forgot, and by the time he could, the cholera had been weakened by air, and they became immune due to this. CHANCE
What did Paul Ehrlich invent in 1909? - INDUSTRIAL
The Salvarsan 606 ‘magic bullet’, which only eliminated syphilis bacteria and no healthy tissue
How was war + government responsible for progress? - INDUSTRIAL
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 created an intense rivalry based on pride between Koch and Pasteur, acting as motivation. Both governments funded their scientists as a result of this rivalry
Name 3 examples of why public health was poor - INDUSTRIAL
4 or 5 people shared a single room
No indoor water supply
No waste collections
Houses were back to back terraces
Why was little done to protect public health? (2) - INDUSTRIAL
Landlords made huge profits from having small, basic housing
The poor could not afford doctors
There was very little knowledge about causes of illness before 1864
There was little input from the government
When were 50,000 people killed in a Cholera outbreak? - INDUSTRIAL
1831
What Cholera outbreak did John Snow investigate? - INDUSTRIAL
The 1854 Soho Cholera outbreak
What did John Snow discover? - INDUSTRIAL
That all 700 people who died in the 1854 Soho cholera outbreak were drinking from the Broad Street Pump
What conclusions did John Snow make from his discovery? - INDUSTRIAL
He concluded that the cholera was caused by infected water, not miasma
When was ‘The Great Stink’ and what happened? - INDUSTRIAL
In summer 1858, the Thames, a dumping ground, began to smell so badly that Parliament began to notice problems with public health
What did Parliament do to help with sewage collection + when? - INDUSTRIAL
In 1858, Joseph Bazalgette was employed to construct sewers to reduce the waste going into the Thames
How much did the sewers cost to construct and when were they fully completed? - INDUSTRIAL
Cost £3 million, completed in around 1875
When was the 2nd Public Health Act introduced? What changes were made to the previous act? What did this act say would be done? - INDUSTRIAL
The 2nd Public Health Act was introduced in 1875
This act was compulsory for councils
This introduced waste collection, sewer construction, medical officers, street lights and a supply of fresh water
What was the Artisan’s Dwellings Act? - INDUSTRIAL
An act introduced to make house owners responsible for their buildings and to give councils the right to improve slum housing
How did political reform improve public health? - INDUSTRIAL
Working class men were given the vote in 1867 and were promised improved public health by the Conservative Party. This was a large reason that they were voted into power.
Which doctor linked Germ Theory to evidence from doctors and surgeons? - INDUSTRIAL
William Roberts
Who discovered early anaesthetics like Nitrous Oxide and Ether? - INDUSTRIAL
Humphrey Davy discovered Nitrous Oxide
Clark discovered Ether
Who wrote a public health report in Britain? - INDUSTRIAL
Edwin Chadwick
When was the first Public Health Act implemented? + what flaw did it have? - INDUSTRIAL
In 1848 the first act was introduced. It was flawed as it was not made compulsory
