Industrial And Post Industrial Development Of Sport Flashcards
Rational recreation
Sports pastimes for lower class organised by middle class
Lack of leisure time
Lead to 12 hour working days and one day off (Sunday’s)
Migration of lower classes into cities
Looking for work in newly built factories, led to loss of space to play sport
Lack of income
Low wages and poverty were evident with little spare income for leisure
Lack of public provisions
No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for lower class
Poor health
Led to pollution, lack of hygiene resulting in little energy to play sport
Loss of rights
Restrictions places on mob football and blood sports by change in criminal law
Wenlock games
Promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements
Sports included athletics, football,cricket, running and hurdles
Pageantry and celebrations were important
Founder of Wenlock games (1850)
Dr William penny Brookes
Long working days
Less time to play sport
Some Improvements in second half of industrial revolution
Ex public schoolboys Improved health Development of middle class Three tier society Increase wages and time for sport Values of athleticism
Examples of pageantry and celebrations
Band led marches of flag bearers and Olympic hymns were sung, a crown of laurel leaves was placed on the head of the winner.
Positive affect of cheaper travel
Allowed participation and spectating to be more accessible
Positive impact of development of middle class
Sport was played to a high moral code and respectful
Self made men took advantage of new business opportunities
Impact of increase wages and spare time
‘ Factory act’ and Saturday half days were provided for workers which gave more time to play sport
Impact of influence or ex public schoolboys
Via industry, church helped promote sport
Urbanisation
Large number of people migrating from rural areas into towards cities, seeking regular work in factories
4 key features of urbanisation that contributed to sport Development
Lack of work space
Large working class population
Change in working conditions
Loss of traditional sports
Transport
Development of steam trains and railways increased spectator and participation opportunities and spread interest in sport.
Faster steam trains meant …
People could travel further and more easily, giving more time for sport matches
Key characteristics of rational recreation
Referees/officials Impacts or religion Rule based Respectability Skills/tactic based Amateurism and professionalism Purpose built facilities Impacts of revolution Gambling controlled Regionally/nationally/regularly played
Amateur
Person who does the sport for the love of it and no financial gain
Professional
A person who plays sport for financial gain
Why did NGBs start to develop ?
Sporting was becoming popular
More teams were being formed
Nationally agreed rules and codification
Why did NGBs try to prevent professionals from competing in their sport ?
Desire of upper class/middle class to maintain control of sport To preserve amateur ideal in sport
Benefits of getting more people in church
Provide facilities
Created teams
Sunday school got more involved also as more young people wanted to take part
Codification
Development of strict rules
How did sports spread through Britain
Teachers developed teams and taught traditional sporting values.
Clergy developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad.
As diplomats they travelled the world and took sport with them
What were the values of amateurism?
Manliness - robustness, striving for physical behaviour
Appreciating the value of health and fitness
High moral integrity
Appreciating the value of rule regulated activity
What are the characteristics of gentleman amateur ?
Being a respected member of society with a public school background (high status).
Belonging to the social elite, having wealth and spare time.
Playing sports to a high moral code.
Playing a range of sports using their natural talents
What were the positive impacts of amateurism?
Code of amateurism : based on playing sport to clearly set rules which were put in place by middle and upper class.
Belonging to social elite: having wealth and spare time to play the sport for the love of it.
Participation in sport is more important than winning
What are working class professionals ?
Working class had lower status and could not afford to play sport The W/C professionals came from poor backgrounds Foul play and gamesmanship were used to try to gain an advantage and increases chance of winning.
Positive impacts on professionals
Poorest members of society had to be paid a wage for time off working and representing their factory.
Paid based on results = performance developed
Create determination to succeed
How did rationalisation of association football change the game in the 19th century?
Urbanisation More free time Improved transport Increase professionalism Social class links Increased organisation
Bosman ruling
European court of justice decision made on 15th December 1995 which effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club with out a transfer being paid
Why are more women participating in football ?
Increased media coverage More female role models More provision via school pe programmes More clubs forming More free time and increases participation Increased approval
How did rationalisation of association football change the game in 19th century?
Urbanisation - larger audience
More free time - less time working in factories
Improved travel - able to travel
Increased professionalism - broken time payments (looked upon as it got people out of factory).
Social class links - more respectability from middle class
Increased organisation - rules leagues, teams
