Industrial And Post Industrial Development Of Sport

Question 1

Rational recreation

Answer 1

Sports pastimes for lower class organised by middle class

Question 2

Lack of leisure time

Answer 2

Lead to 12 hour working days and one day off (Sunday’s)

Question 3

Migration of lower classes into cities

Answer 3

Looking for work in newly built factories, led to loss of space to play sport

Question 4

Lack of income

Answer 4

Low wages and poverty were evident with little spare income for leisure

Question 5

Lack of public provisions

Answer 5

No access to private facilities or no personal equipment for lower class

Question 6

Poor health

Answer 6

Led to pollution, lack of hygiene resulting in little energy to play sport

Question 7

Loss of rights

Answer 7

Restrictions places on mob football and blood sports by change in criminal law

Question 8

Wenlock games

Answer 8

Promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements
Sports included athletics, football,cricket, running and hurdles
Pageantry and celebrations were important

Question 9

Founder of Wenlock games (1850)

Answer 9

Dr William penny Brookes

Question 10

Long working days

Answer 10

Less time to play sport

Question 11

Some Improvements in second half of industrial revolution

Answer 11

Ex public schoolboys
Improved health 
Development of middle class
Three tier society 
Increase wages and time for sport 
Values of athleticism

Question 12

Examples of pageantry and celebrations

Answer 12

Band led marches of flag bearers and Olympic hymns were sung, a crown of laurel leaves was placed on the head of the winner.

Question 13

Positive affect of cheaper travel

Answer 13

Allowed participation and spectating to be more accessible

Question 14

Positive impact of development of middle class

Answer 14

Sport was played to a high moral code and respectful

Self made men took advantage of new business opportunities

Question 15

Impact of increase wages and spare time

Answer 15

‘ Factory act’ and Saturday half days were provided for workers which gave more time to play sport

Question 16

Impact of influence or ex public schoolboys

Answer 16

Via industry, church helped promote sport

Question 17

Urbanisation

Answer 17

Large number of people migrating from rural areas into towards cities, seeking regular work in factories

Question 18

4 key features of urbanisation that contributed to sport Development

Answer 18

Lack of work space
Large working class population
Change in working conditions
Loss of traditional sports

Question 19

Transport

Answer 19

Development of steam trains and railways increased spectator and participation opportunities and spread interest in sport.

Question 20

Faster steam trains meant …

Answer 20

People could travel further and more easily, giving more time for sport matches

Question 21

Key characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 21

Referees/officials
Impacts or religion 
Rule based 
Respectability 
Skills/tactic based 
Amateurism and professionalism
Purpose built facilities
Impacts of revolution 
Gambling controlled 
Regionally/nationally/regularly played

Question 22

Amateur

Answer 22

Person who does the sport for the love of it and no financial gain

Question 23

Professional

Answer 23

A person who plays sport for financial gain

Question 24

Why did NGBs start to develop ?

Answer 24

Sporting was becoming popular
More teams were being formed
Nationally agreed rules and codification

Question 25

Why did NGBs try to prevent professionals from competing in their sport ?

Answer 25

Desire of upper class/middle class to maintain control of sport
To preserve amateur ideal in sport

Question 26

Benefits of getting more people in church

Answer 26

Provide facilities
Created teams
Sunday school got more involved also as more young people wanted to take part

Question 27

Codification

Answer 27

Development of strict rules

Question 28

How did sports spread through Britain

Answer 28

Teachers developed teams and taught traditional sporting values.
Clergy developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad.
As diplomats they travelled the world and took sport with them

Question 29

What were the values of amateurism?

Answer 29

Manliness - robustness, striving for physical behaviour
Appreciating the value of health and fitness
High moral integrity
Appreciating the value of rule regulated activity

Question 30

What are the characteristics of gentleman amateur ?

Answer 30

Being a respected member of society with a public school background (high status).
Belonging to the social elite, having wealth and spare time.
Playing sports to a high moral code.
Playing a range of sports using their natural talents

Question 31

What were the positive impacts of amateurism?

Answer 31

Code of amateurism : based on playing sport to clearly set rules which were put in place by middle and upper class.
Belonging to social elite: having wealth and spare time to play the sport for the love of it.
Participation in sport is more important than winning

Question 32

What are working class professionals ?

Answer 32

Working class had lower status and could not afford to play sport
The W/C professionals came from poor backgrounds
Foul play and gamesmanship were used to try to gain an advantage and increases chance of winning.

Question 33

Positive impacts on professionals

Answer 33

Poorest members of society had to be paid a wage for time off working and representing their factory.
Paid based on results = performance developed
Create determination to succeed

Question 34

How did rationalisation of association football change the game in the 19th century?

Answer 34

Urbanisation 
More free time
Improved transport 
Increase professionalism 
Social class links 
Increased organisation

Question 35

Bosman ruling

Answer 35

European court of justice decision made on 15th December 1995 which effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club with out a transfer being paid

Question 36

Why are more women participating in football ?

Answer 36

Increased media coverage 
More female role models 
More provision via school pe programmes
More clubs forming 
More free time and increases participation 
Increased approval

Question 37

How did rationalisation of association football change the game in 19th century?

Answer 37

Urbanisation - larger audience
More free time - less time working in factories
Improved travel - able to travel
Increased professionalism - broken time payments (looked upon as it got people out of factory).
Social class links - more respectability from middle class
Increased organisation - rules leagues, teams