Industrial (1700-1900)

Question 1

What was spontaneous generation?

Answer 1

The idea that decay causes bacteria.

Question 2

What was germ theory and who discovered it?

Answer 2

The idea that bacteria causes decay and Louis Pasteur discovered it.

Question 3

Who was Robert Koch and what did he discover?

Answer 3

Robert Koch successfully identified that different germs cause many common diseases. He also discovered Cholera, although he didn’t know how it spread (that was Jon Snow).

Question 4

Who did Koch and Pasteur inspire and influence?

Answer 4

John Tyndall and Joseph Lister.

Question 5

How did individuals (e.g. Pasteur/Koch) impact the view of the cause of disease during the Industrial period?

Answer 5

Without the talent of people like Koch and Pasteur, discoveries such as ‘Germ Theory’ would not have happened

Question 6

How did technology impact the view of the cause of disease during the Industrial period?

Answer 6

Technology such as the microscope and the petri dish (named after Joseph Petri) significantly helped the learning of the nature of bacteria.

Question 7

How did more people getting the vote impact the view of the cause of disease Industrial period?

Answer 7

As more people were given the vote the government took more of an interest in public health.

Question 8

What war did Florence Nightingale serve in and what were the changes she made at the army hospital?

Answer 8

The Crimean War and she made them cleaner and added more nurses. The death-rate went from 40%-2%

Question 9

What changes did she make to nurses and hospitals back in Britain?

Answer 9

She set up the Nightingale School for nurses. at St Thomas’s Hospital, London. Nightingale made the profession of nursing more attractive to middle class women.The hospitals were built out of materials that could easily be cleaned. Tiles were very effective as they were easily washed.

Question 10

What is an anaesthetic?

Answer 10

A painkiller

Question 11

What was the mild anaesthetic invented to help with dental operations?

Answer 11

Laughing gas.

Question 12

What anaesthetic did James Simpson invent?

Answer 12

Chloroform

Question 13

What was an antiseptic?

Answer 13

A liquid that clears bacteria from a wound.

Question 14

What antiseptic did Joseph Lister invent?

Answer 14

Carbolic acid.

Question 15

What is an inoculation?

Answer 15

When a small dose of a disease is given to a patient to prevent them getting the same disease later in life more dangerously.

Question 16

What are the problems sometimes caused with inoculation?

Answer 16

The patient could catch the disease and suffer the symptoms to the disease’s full effects.

Question 17

What is a vaccination?

Answer 17

When a patient is given a dose of a similar, milder, disease to prevent catching the unwanted disease later in life.

Question 18

What was the name of the man who discovered a vaccination for smallpox?

Answer 18

Edward Jenner.

Question 19

What disease similar to smallpox did he use to vaccinate smallpox?

Answer 19

Cowpox

Question 20

By 1800, how many people were vaccinated?

Answer 20

100,000

Question 21

Why was vaccination, seen as a “one-off”?

Answer 21

No other vaccination was discovered for a long time.

Question 22

What was the main government policy at the beginning of the 19th century and what impact did it have on the development of medicine?

Answer 22

The policy of ‘laissez-faire’. This meant government staying out of private business, including medicine. This slowed down the prevention, treatment care of disease in the early 19th century.

Question 23

When did this end?

Answer 23

With the 1848 Health Act.

Question 24

What was included in the Public Health Act of 1848?

Answer 24

1,300 miles of sewers were built by 1865. In Birmingham the slums were demolished.

Question 25

What was included in the Public Health Act of 1875?

Answer 25

Clean water was provided to prevent disease. Sewage was disposed of. Public toilets were established.

Question 26

Who was Edwin Chadwick?

Answer 26

He wrote a report on the conditions of the ill health and poverty of Britain’s cities. It contributed to the first Public health Act of 1848

Question 27

What was ‘The Great Stink’ of 1858?

Answer 27

‘The Great Stink’ was an extremely hot summer of 1858 that caused a horrific stink. It further pushed the government to make more public intervention after the 1848 Health Act. People still thought that the stink was due to miasma

Question 28

What was water-based disease that caused thousands of deaths?

Answer 28

Cholera

Question 29

What was the name of the man that realised that the cause was in the water rather than miasma?

Answer 29

John Snow.

Question 30

How did he work this out?

Answer 30

He realised that the majority of the case of Cholera, in Soho, were around a water pump. Therefore, the water must contain the Cholera.