industrial Flashcards
1
Q
how did Jenner vaccine come into place
A
- noticed milkmaids who had cowpox never got smallpox
- injected a boy with cowpox and then smallpox - didn’t get I’ll
- tested on 23 others to make sure it worked
- royal society refused to publish his work - did it himself in 1798
- gov gave him £30,000 to open vaccine clinic
2
Q
when was Jenner vaccine made compulsory
A
1852
3
Q
how did the gov help Jenner
A
- 1840 - gov gave children free vaccines
- 1871 - gov hired public vaccinators
- 1872 - strictly enforced
4
Q
why did so many oppose Jenner vaccine at first
A
- doctors didn’t want to lose income - made anti vaccine propaganda posters
- careless doctors mixed smallpox + cowpox vaccine / used dirty needles - death
- wasn’t free at first - poor couldn’t afford
- couldn’t explain why his vaccine worked - sus
5
Q
what was the spontaneous generation
A
- idea decay caused germs + disease
6
Q
what was Pasteurs germ theory & what helped him do this
A
- said germs in the air cause decay
- hired by wine industry - saw that wine was going off due to growth of microorganisms in some batches of wine
- use of electron microscope had allowed him to see this
7
Q
limitations + strength of Pasteur
A
- huge breakthrough proved germs were all around us & some could cause disease
limitation : - English doctors e.g Henry bastain refused to believe germs could make people ill so they continued to believe spontaneous generation / miasma - took long time to convince people
8
Q
who was Koch & what did he do
A
- german scientist who build on Pasteurs theory
- proved his theory was correct
- identified specific microbes that cause TB (1882) & cholera (1883)
- he published his methods of identifying disease causing germs :
- growing germs using Agar jelly& Petri dish - would grow cultures of pure germs allowing Koch to identify specific bacteria causing disease
9
Q
how impactful was Koch
A
- very important impact
- invented new method to grow + stain germs purple to make them easier to identify
- doctors now began to look for ways to kill germs that caused disease rather than just the symptoms - huge turning point
10
Q
how were hospitals before nightingale
A
- hospitals cramped & diseases spread quickly
- wards rarely properly cleaned
- nurses had a bad reputation - people saw them as drunk + unprofessional
- nurses not trained
11
Q
what changes did nightingale make to the hospitals
A
- demanded 300 scrubbing brushes to get rid of any dirt near patients being treated
- clean bedding + good means provided
- nurses received training
12
Q
what percent did death rates drop from nightingales hospital improvements
A
42 - 2%
13
Q
what happened when nightingale returned to Britain
A
- national hero - her work was widely reported in newspapers in Britain
- published books on nursing & hospital organization & set up school for nurses at st Thomas hospital
14
Q
what were some changes in hospital care in the renaissance
A
- 1st cottage hospital opened in 1859
- function of hospitals had completely changed , instead of being places for sick to rest , hospitals become a place where sick were treated
- specialist hospitals e.g asylums for mentally ill & fewer houses for infectious diseases developed
15
Q
what do we know about cholera before John snow
A
- known as blue death as dehydration turns skin sky blue
- victim suffered from vomiting and diarrhoea which lead to dehydration
- early 19th century there was no treat,ent & people who caught it died
