inductions

Question 1

morphogen

Answer 1

-morphogen gradient by defintion specified more than one cell type

-soluble secreted molecules which determine cell fates morphogen is a kind of a paracrine

Question 2

paracrine

Answer 2

(medium range) diffusible signal, clear signaling molecule releases something to signal another cell

Question 3

juxtacrine

Answer 3

(short range) giving message to nearby cell, between the environment and the cell or cell and cell

examples: cadherins, integrins generally between
1) receptor and receptor (cadherins)
2) two different receptors
3) receptors and protein in the ECM

Question 4

endocrine

Answer 4

-Dump hormones into the blood (long range) example: LH, FSH, Progesterone, Testosterone

Question 5

mosaic

Answer 5

autonomous

Question 6

regulative

Answer 6

conditional

Question 7

Animal Cap

Answer 7

ectoderm

Question 8

Gap Junctions

Answer 8

connect the cytoplasm of neighborig cells

involved in juxtacrine signallig

Question 9

Endoderm induction

Answer 9

Endoderm is auonomously induced by VegT and Vg1 which is laid down maternally

Question 10

Neural Tube Induction (portion of the ectoderm)

Answer 10

The neural tube is protected by BMP induction, by BMP inhibitors from the notochord (mesoderm) This protection requires serial induction so counts as conditional induction

Question 11

Morphogen

Answer 11

Paracrine + Ligand

Question 12

Cadherins

Answer 12

*part of the adherin juction:

• transmembrane
• juxtacrine
• protein

Question 13

Collagen

Answer 13

• Juxtacrine
• DNA Encoded/ Cell product

Question 14

Beta Catenin

Answer 14

-Intracellular

expressed at the end of the Wnt pathway as coactivator with TcF3 to activate siamois protein + acts as adhesion protein in cadherin junction

• Juxtacrine: adhesion proteinin in cadherin juctions (intracellularly)
• Paracrine: signalling in the dorsal endodermal region where Wnt is active

Increases Production of :

1. C-myc
2. Cyclin Depdent Kinase [mitotic promoting proteins!]

Question 15

FOUR FAMILIES OF PARACRINES

Answer 15

1. Wnt (frizzled receptor)
2. Hedgehog
3. TgF Beta- includes things such as BMP’s.
4. Growth factors (fibroblast, epidermal which all use Tyrosine Kinase Receptors )

Question 16

proteins of beta catenin inhibitor complex

Answer 16

Gsk 3

APC

CK1

Axin

Question 17

Cadherin

Answer 17

Calcium dependent adherin

Cadherins are at the adherins junction, for adhesion between cells. These receptors bind to each other (like bind like) attached to actin filaments with adhesion proteins

Question 18

ectoderm derivatives

Answer 18

epidermis

central nervous system

neural crest

[nerves and skin]

Question 19

mesoderm derivatives

Answer 19

muscle system

notochord

bone

blood

kidney

[internal organs]

Question 20

endoderm deriviatvies

Answer 20

thyroid

digestive system

respiratory tract

[digesive tract]

Question 21

microfilaments

Answer 21

• Smallest portion of the cytoskeleton, composed of two intertwined strands of actin polymer. (action polymer made up actin monomers)
• Help to maintain cell shape, but also changing cell shape.
• Interact with other filaments composed of myosin

Question 22

microtubules

Answer 22

• Largest
• Made up of Alpha and Beta tubulin
• Made up of tubulin pairs (dimers)
• Can resist a lot of compression forced
• Maintain overall shape of the cell
• line respiratory tract (cillia)

Question 23

intermeidate filament

Answer 23

• Can act as anchors to organelles that don’t need to move around ie: the nucleus
• Type of IF: Lamins, compose the Nuclear Lamin, located inside the nuclear membrane