INDONESIA -Politics and Governance of SEA Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
It is the world’s largest archipelagic state with more than 13,000 islands. It is the most populous (?) country in the world and
one of Southeast Asia’s ethnically most heterogeneous societies.
A
- The Republic of Indonesia
-Muslim-majority
2
Q
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Describe the economy and democracy of India
A
largest economy
stable and well functioning
3
Q
These two European countries were the first Europeans to arrive at the Indonesian archipelago in the sixteenth century
A
the Portuguese and Spanish
4
Q
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
This company followed in 1595 and established its headquarters in (place?) in (date?). Through a series of military campaigns and agreements with local rulers, the VOC was able to gain access and eventually control over the (?) and (?) passing through western Indonesia.
A
- Dutch United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC)
- Batavia (Jakarta) in 1619.
-Eastern Indonesian Spice Islands and the sea lanes
5
Q
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
After the dissolution of the VOC, this treaty established an area of control for the Dutch government that closely resembled the shape of modern Indonesia, even though Dutch control over vast parts of the archipelago remained (?)
A
- British-Dutch Treaty of 1824
- patchy and incomplete
6
Q
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the 1830s, a new agricultural policy, the so-called (?) was introduced. This system forced villages to set aside a (?) of their arable land for the production of (?) that were to be delivered to the colonial authorities as land rent.
This approach was a great economic success for the colonial authorities and made local possessions much more lucrative, leading the Dutch to expand their area of control
A
- Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel)
- fifth of their arable land
- export crops
7
Q
The process of effectively converting the East Indies into a unified colonial dependency took several decades before areas such as (4 AREAS?) were brought under Dutch control
A
Kalimantan (Borneo), the South Eastern Islands (Nusa Tenggara), Bali, and—in 1908—Aceh
8
Q
A new liberal colonial program, decreed by (PERSON?) in 1901, was the impetus for the further expansion and intensification of Dutch rule.
A
Queen Wilhelmina
9
Q
Under the so-called (?), the Netherlands provided financial assistance for the extension of health and education services and to stimulate the growth of the rural economy.
A
Ethical Policy
10
Q
This elite formed the spearhead of (?), spread Bahasa Indonesia as a (?) throughout the archipelago, and became the nucleus of an emerging (?)
A
- organized nationalism
- lingua franca
- independence movement
11
Q
It was during this time that the first mass organizations, including Islamic organizations such as the modernist (?), the traditionalist (?), and political parties like the (?) which became the (?) in 1924, were created.
A
- modernist Muhammadiyah (1912),
- traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama (NU, 1926)
- political parties like the Indies Social
Democratic Association (1914) which became the - Partei Komunis Indonesia (PKI)
12
Q
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Year when the Japanese invaded Indonesia (?), the colonial Dutch government was quickly swept away
A
January 1942
13
Q
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
TRUE OR FALSE:
The collapse of Dutch rule in the East Indies provided a fertile environment for Indonesian nationalists.
A
TRUE THE FIRE
14
Q
Despite increasingly repressive and exploitative Japanese rule, nationalist leaders such as (TWO LEADERS?) were able to trade support for political concessions. Two days after Japan’s official surrender on (DATE?), these two leaders proclaimed the sovereign (?)
A
- Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta
- August 15, 1945
- Republic of Indonesia
15
Q
On (TWO PLACES?), a motley collection of Indonesian fighters took up a (?) campaign against returning Dutch troops trying to retake their colonial possessions.
A
- Java and Sumatra
- guerilla-style
16
Q
After international criticism of the ruthless Dutch counter-insurgency campaign, the Netherlands finally accepted Indonesian independence on (?)
A
December 27, 1949.
17
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
The struggle for independence left Indonesia with a wide array of political forces, including the secular National Party of Indonesia (PNI) under Sukarno, the communist PKI, the traditionalist NU, the modernist Masyumi, and the military
(TNI/ABRI)
A
TRUE
18
Q
After a series of short-lived (TYPE) governments, Indonesia’s first president (?) established himself as a charismatic leader.
A
- parliamentary
-Sukarno
19
Q
Sukarno established the (TYPE) based on the doctrines of (TWO DOCTRINES) in 1957.
A
- authoritarian “Guided Democracy”
- corporatist “functional groups” and Pancasila”
20
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
Despite the army’s hostility, Sukarno strengthened his ties with the Communists and followed an increasingly consistent economic and local policy.
A
FALSE:
Despite the army’s hostility, Sukarno strengthened his ties with the Communists and followed an increasingly ERRATIC economic and FOREIGN policy.
21
Q
On the night of September (?) to October (WITH YEAR?), tensions culminated when a group of (?) officers killed several members of the military leadership in a botched coup attempt
A
- September 30 to October 1, 1965
- left-leaning air force
22
Q
In retaliation, Major General Suharto and several anticommunist groups orchestrated a violent campaign against (?) and (?), which quickly escalated. Between October 1965 and March 1966, more than (?) people were killed
A
- PKI and real or suspected Communists
- 500, 000 people died
23
Q
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Once the PKI was eliminated as a political force, Sukarno was made to first transfer executive control to the new strongman, (?) and finally, on March 27, 1968, the presidency as well.
A
Suharto
24
Q
He was an Indonesian military officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving President of Indonesia
A
Suharto
25
# **HISTORICAL BACKGROUND**
President Suharto transformed elements of Sukarno’s “Guided Democracy” into his (?) government. Next to the president and the bureaucracy, the military became part of the (?) providing regime security and helping control society through (?)
- “New Order” government
- “New Order Pyramid”
- surveillance and coercion
26
# **HISTORICAL BACKGROUND**
TRUE OR FALSE:
Suharto slowly shifted this influence toward individual military officers loyal to people over the next three decades, transforming his “New Order” regime from military domination to democratic rule
FALSE:
Suharto slowly shifted this influence toward individual military officers loyal to HIMSELF over the next three decades, transforming his “New Order” regime from military domination to PERSONALISTIC AUTHORITARIAN rule
27
This was created as a joint vehicle for military and bureaucratic political domination. However, because Suharto fostered the gradual civilianization of this, by the 1990s, the (?) institution was no longer able to influence politics without Suharto’s backing.
- Golkar
- military-institution
28
Suharto also managed to restore the fledgling economy and created stable growth through a combination of (?) and (?)
liberal reforms and nationalist development
planning
29
The resulting system of (CCN/KKN?) proved
flawed when Indonesia’s economy collapsed following the Asian Financial Crisis and a severe (?) in 1997, as Suharto was unwilling to alienate his patronage network by implementing the necessary reforms.
- Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism (Korrupsi, Kollusi, Nepotisme, KKN)
- drought
30
When mass protests against the regime erupted across the country, soft-liners in the military and Golkar leadership pushed Suharto to step down in favor of his (POSITION?), (NAME ?) on May 21, 1998
vice president, Bahruddin Yusuf
Habibie,
31
# **HISTORICAL BACKGROUND**
Under Habibie and his democratically elected successor (?), Indonesia entered into (?) , the era of democratization.
- Abdurrahman Wahid
- reformasi
-
32
TRUE OR FALSE:
In the first years after the transition from dictatorship to democracy, Indonesia experienced several political crises. The country was rocked by a series of violent communal conflicts and challenged by an outburst of Islamic terrorism.
TRUE THE FIRE
33
The new democracy survived the (?) and (?) are widely accepted as the only legitimate means of gaining government power. The country successfully passed the (?) meaning that an incumbent party was voted out of office twice, leading to peaceful transfers of power in 2004 and 2014.
- impeachment of President Wahid in 2001,
- free and fair elections
- two turnover test,”
34
Democracy in Indonesia is not fully consolidated yet. Four major challenges remain.
1. The first one relates to the (?) as the main mode of integrating potential spoilers of the old autocratic regime coalition into the new democratic system
2. A second challenge, related to the first, concerns the (?) which block comprehensive structural reforms, undermine regulatory efforts of the state, and weaken democratic accountability.
3. Indonesia’s democracy has not yet overcome the (?)
4. Fourth, although Indonesia’s achievements with regard to press freedoms, political rights, labor rights, and women’s rights have been far-reaching and impressive, it still suffers serious shortcomings when it comes to the protection of religious
-unintended consequences of elite settlement and elite cooperation
- anemic quality of the rule of law, endemic corruption in politics and the state, and the still low capacity of the Indonesian state.
- nation’s manifold problems relating to social and economic justice.
35
# **CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY**
In anticipation of the Japanese defeat, the nation’s first constitution was drafted as a very short (?) in 1945. Its preamble stressed the need for a (?) and established the (?) doctrine as a normative principle for all government action: belief in one god, a just and civilized humanity, the unity of Indonesia, democracy guided by wisdom and deliberation by representatives of the people, and the achievement of social justice
for all the people of Indonesia.
- “Basic Law” in April 1945 (Undang-undang dasar 1945, UUD 1945).
- unitary republic and established the Pancasila doctrine
36
A conference in December 1949 ended the (NO OF YEAR?) year conflict between the Netherlands and the Republic over the control of Indonesia, but the Dutch government formally transferred sovereignty to the (?) (Republik Indonesia Serikat, RIS), instead of the existing Republic of Indonesia. This meant the existing constitution was abandoned in favor of a new (?) constitution
- Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference
- 4 year conflict
- Republic of the United States of Indonesia
- federal constitution
37
This refers to the Constitution of the United States of Indonesia.
Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat,
38
TRUE OR FALSE:
The Indonesian side suspected that the Dutch had proposed a federal solution to strengthen the new state
FALSE:
The Indonesian side suspected that the Dutch had proposed a federal solution to WEAKEN the new state
39
KRIS was quickly replaced with a new law known as (?) in 1950. Although this constitution abolished federalism in favor of a (?), it also adopted a list of basic rights from the KRIS
- Provisional Basic Law or Undang-undang
Dasar Sementara
- unitary republic
40
A (?) elected in 1955 to draft a permanent constitution failed primarily over the role of (?) in the constitution
- Constituent Assembly
- Islam
41
Sukarno used the failure of the new drafted constitution as a pretext to decree a return to the (?), which stipulated a strong president indirectly elected by the (?)
- original constitution of 1945
- People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR).
42
TRUE OR FALSE:
The vague nature of the UUD 1945 allowed Sukarno, and later Suharto, to rule largely on the basis of presidential and MPR decrees
TRUE THE FIRE
43
After Suharto resigned in May 1998, constitution builders chose to revise the 1945 Constitution that had been in force from (?) and again from (?).
- 1945 to 1949
- 1959 to 1998
44
The decision to revise the existing constitution rather than redraft a new constitution altogether was based on a (?), who wanted to (?) that arose in the 1955 Constituent Assembly over religious issues.
- compromise between political parties
- avoid the deadlock
45
Over the course of (?) years, the MPR prepared and adopted (?) amendments to the 1945 Constitution. Consequently, the substance of every chapter in the constitution except the chapter on religion was amended
- 3 years
- 4 amendments
46
The constitution is preceded by a (?), which incorporates the (?) philosophy and the idea of a (?).
- preamble
- Pancasila
- unitary state
47
As a response to the repressive policies of the Suharto regime, the constitution now has a (?) and extensive (?) Yet it still lacks certain basic rights such as the right (?) and a reference to the (?). In addition, basic rights can be suspended or curtailed for (?) or to (?)
- bill of rights and extensive provisions for the rule of law.
- right not to confess a faith (negative freedom of religion) and a reference to the principle of equality between men and women.
- security reasons or to protect religious sensitivities
48
Other major amendments introduced (?) (Art. 6A) and more detailed regulations on (?)
- direct popular elections for the presidency
- presidential legislative powers.
49
They have the authority to amend and enact the constitution.
MPR
50
Amendments in Constitution may be initiated by a (?) and can be enacted by (?). However, Article (?) of the constitution stipulates that the unitary character of the state must not be changed.
- third of the members of the MPR and can be enacted by a majority of the House.
- Art. 37
51
TRUE OR FALSE:
Once the MPR ratified the sum of all constitutional amendments in 2003, the constitutional reform process was considered complete
TRUE THE FIRE!
52
Order of Indonesia Constitution
- Basic Law of 1945 / UDD 1945 (UNITARY)
- Constitution of United Stated of Indonesia / KRIS (FEDERAL)
- Provisional Basic Law of 1950 / UUDS (Sementara) (UNITARY with KRIS basic rights)
- 1945 Basic Law with Amendments (UNITARY with Bill of Rights and extensive rule of law)
53
# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT**
What is the type of government of Indonesia?
unitary state in the form of a republic” (Art. 1,1 UUD45) with a presidential system of government.
54
# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT**
The legislature is comprised of two houses such as (?) but legislative power mainly rests with the (?).
- People’s Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR)
- Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD)
- DPR
55
# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT**
The (?) holds the main executive power and fulfills an important legislative role.
President
56
# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT**
The judiciary is organized as a (?)
branch of government and is headed by (?)
- separate
- the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court
57
The constitution lists these two as additional independent government bodies.
- Central bank (Bank Indonesia, BI)
- Audit Board (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, BPK)
58
What are the 5 additional watchdog agencies established by law.
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), the General Election Commission (KPU), the Election Monitoring Body (Bawaslu), the Judicial Commission (KY), and the Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM)
59
# **HEAD OF GOVERNMENT**
In Indonesia, the president is both the head of (?)
head of state and the head of the government
60
# **HEAD OF GOVERNMENT**
Prior to 2004, the president and vice president were (?). Since 2004, both are (?)
- indirectly elected by the MPR
- popularly elected for a 5-year term that is renewable once.
61
In general elections, presidential candidates run together with vice presidential candidates on a (?) That is, voters only vote (?) in
In contrast to the Philippines, they cannot choose a presidential candidate from one ticket and a vice presidential candidate from another ticket.
- “party ticket.”
- for one ticket;
62
Any party or coalition of parties that gained a total of (%?) seats or (%?) votes in the previous DPR election can nominate a presidential ticket
20% of seats or 25% of votes
63
Until 1999, the president was politically accountable only to the (?). There was (?) which made it possible for Suharto to rule for (?) years.
Fears of another strongman rule led to the introduction of (?), the imposition of (?) , and the (?)
- MPR
- no term limit, 32 years.
- popular elections for the presidency,
- two-term limits for president
- amendment of impeachment rules.
64
The type of voting system in Indonesia where a candidate must secure more than 50% of the votes to win the presidency.
Two-round system (also known as runoff voting or majority-runoff voting).
65
(?) is an enumerated power of the DPR that allows formal charges to be brought against the president for alleged crimes.
- Impeachment
66
Impeachment proceedings may be commenced by the (?) on its own initiative. If a (NO?) of the DPR adopts a resolution of impeachment, the (?) debates the (?) before it is forwarded to the (?), which then can remove the president from office if (?) of its members support the impeachment
- DPR
- two-thirds majority
- Constitutional Court
- resolution’s legality
- MPR
- 3/4
67
This person may preside over tasks such as drafting and communicating the administration’s policies, serving as an advisor to the president or facilitator of dialogue between the president and parliament
Vice president
68
TRUE OR FALSE:
The vice president is officially the first person in the presidential line of succession upon death, resignation, or removal of the president.
FALSE:
The vice president is officially NO MORE than the first person in the presidential line of succession upon death, resignation, or removal of the president. However, a vice president with STRONG PARLIAMENTARY BACKING can have considerable influence.
69
The vice presidential candidate is often chosen to (?) that combine a (?) candidate with (?) or a (?) candidate with a candidate from (?)
“balance a ticket”
- religious candidate with a secular nationalist
- Javanese candidate with a candidate from one of the outer islands.
70
The president is assisted by a (?). (?) are selected by the president and are directly responsible to the (?), but (?) has to approve major changes to the responsibilities of different ministries.
- Cabinet
- Ministers
- president alone
- parliament
71
The Indonesian cabinet is called (?) and includes resort ministers, coordinating ministers, and cabinet-level officials such as the attorney general and the chief of the State Intelligence Agency.
Council of Ministers
72
TRUE OR FALSE:
While in office, ministers representing political parties often focus on minimizing the patronage contribution to government work rather than the patronage potential of their office
FALSE:
While in office, ministers representing political parties often focus on MAXIMIZING the PATRONAGE POTENTIAL OF THEIR OFFICE rather than their CONTRIBUTION TO GOVERNMENT WORK.
73
TRUE OR FALSE:
The constitutional amendments after the downfall of Suharto strengthened the system of horizontal accountability but hardly reduced the constitutional powers of the presidency.
TRUE
74
The (?) is commander-in-chief of the National Armed Forces, can invoke a state of emergency, and has broad authority over government policies, including foreign policy.
President
75
The DPR has a role in (?) if these necessitate changes to existing legislation as well as in the (?). Military and police chiefs also require (?)
- ratifying international treaties
- presidential nominations of ambassadors
- parliamentary confirmation.
76
While presidential executive orders are now regulated in greater detail and have to be confirmed by parliament, (?) can only be adopted or rejected by the DPR unanimously, giving them some potential to dissolve legislative deadlocks
"government decrees in lieu of law” /PERPU
77
The president’s most important legislative power, however, is (?), which mandates the (?) of (TWO BODIES?) before any bill can be enacted into law.
Even without a formal veto, the president only signs bills into law if he or she or a cabinet member bound by (?) has already been approved
- Art 20.2
- "mutual agreement” of parliament and government before any bill can be enacted into law.
- presidential instruction
78
TRUE OR FALSE:
During the actual budget negotiations, PRESIDENT can determine the size and appropriation of the overall budget as well as individual budget items
FALSE"
During the actual budget negotiations, PARLIAMENT can determine the size and appropriation of the overall budget as well as individual items
79
TRUE OR FALSE:
Indonesia’s president is much weaker in terms of appointing authority than the president of the Philippines.
TRUE
80
The (?) was the highest constitutional body in Indonesia. It consisted of all members of the (?) and (?) such as the military, the civil service, and regional administrative units, who were mainly appointed by the president.
- People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR)
- DPR and representatives of various “functional groups”
-
81
Following the constitutional amendments from
1999 to 2002, the MPR lost its (?) functions completely. As it does not play any role in either legislation or the creation of government, it can no longer be considered a (?)
- legislative and electoral functions
- second chamber or “upper house.”
82
The legislative branch of government comprises the People’s Representative Council with (?) members and the Regional Representative Council.
* 560 members
83
Elections for both houses of parliament are held simultaneously (?) months prior to (?). Membership in either house is incompatible with any other government office, and members of the (?) must retire before running for parliamentary office
- 3 months prior to the first round of presidential elections.
- armed forces or the national police
84
Regional Representative Council (DPD) “represents the odd combination of (?) and (?)". It has (NO?) representatives, (NO?) from each of the 34 provinces.
- "limited powers and high legitimacy”
- 136 representatives, four from each 34 provinces
85
Nonpartisan candidates of DPD from the respective provinces are elected through a (?) voting system. That is, each voter has a single vote, and the four candidates with the highest vote totals in each province are elected
single non-transferable-vote system (SNTV)
86
DPD functions are mainly deliberative: The DPD can initiate bills concerning (?) which, however, are (?) and it must be consulted on parliamentary bills regarding (?)
-regional affairs
- channeled through DPR
- provincial or regional matters
87
TRUE OR FALSE:
The DPR has strong budgetary powers and in the region stands out for the strength of its monitoring powers
TRUE
88
As a “working parliament,” the DPR conducts most of its work in (?). Additionally, there is a (?) with delegates from all other committees and with (?)
- 11 standing committees (komisi).
- budget committee
- two influential parliamentary steering committees
89
The komisi have an average of (?) and reflect parliamentary majorities
- 50 members
90
TRUE OR FALSE:
DPR is a relatively efficient parliament: between 2005 and 2009, only half of the prioritized legislative processes could be concluded
FALSE:
DPR is a relatively INEFFICIENT parliament: between 2005 and 2009, only half of the prioritized legislative processes could be concluded
91
The main reason why DPR has consistently fallen short of its legislative agenda is that the government has an (?) over any piece of legislation.
effective veto
92
The annual (?) developed jointly by the government and DPR leadership, identifies priority bills for the upcoming sitting periods. The initial drafts of most bills part of the Prolegnas are developed by government ministries.
National Legislative Program (program legislasi nasional, Prolegnas),
93
Once a bill is assigned to a committee, the government (?) for the first stage of the legislative process. This gives the government
a first chance for (?) deliberations
- appoints an official representative
- delay
94
The second stage of the legislative process, the plenary is informed about the (?) and government and parliamentary party groups issue (?)
- results of the first stage
- issue their final statements on the bill.
95
If the government and parliament cannot agree on the content of the bill, it fails and cannot be
(?) to parliament during that term. If the bill is passed, the president (?) or it becomes valid after (?)
- reintroduced
- sign it into law
- 30 days without signature
96
Each parliamentary faction as well as the government develops (?) that identify points of contention in the bill and propose alternative formulations. Once these problems have been resolved and members of the committee no longer raise concerns about the bill, it is considered (?), usually (?)
- “Problem Inventory Lists” (daftar inventarisasi masalah, DIM)
- passed, usually without a formal vote
97
Which committee schedules the bill for a
plenary vote.
Bamus steering committee
98
This is a basic norm of Indonesian parliamentary procedures because it gives every parliamentary group an effective veto over legislation, deliberations are often protracted
deliberation until consensus (musyawarah untuk mufakat)
99
Important feature of the institutional reforms since 1999 is the emergence of a complex system of (?)
horizontal accountability mechanisms
100
3 bodies for horizontal accountability
Audit Board (BPK), the Judicial Commission (KY),
and the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK).
101
3 bodies for vertical accountability
Election Monitoring Body (Bawaslu), the National Ombudsman, and the National Human Rights Commission
102
These two courts are at the interface of horizontal and vertical accountability.
Constitutional Court (MK) and the Supreme Court (MA)
103
This commission was originally established in 2002 to integrate all existing anti-corruption
initiatives, it quickly became a relatively autonomous law enforcement agency with the power to investigate corrupt officials and to circumvent the existing problems in the criminal justice system
Corruption Eradication Commission or KPK
104
The KPK cooperates closely with designated
national and regional (?)
Anticorruption Courts (Tipikor)
105
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
Indonesia’s legal system is a “complex amalgam” of (4 LAWS?). The latter is based on the (?) and enacted and enforced by the government
* traditional, customary or adat,
Islamic, and state law
* Roman Dutch civil law system
106
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
It is a means to integrate plural communities into the Indonesian nation, but is also a source of conflict, as different common law traditions of different indigenous communities can contradict each other or collide with state laws
Legal pluralism
107
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
The (?) adopted into the codified state law during Suharto’s “New Order” were mostly restricted to family, inheritance, or banking law. Following the process of administrative decentralization since (?), Indonesian provinces, municipalities, and districts are permitted to pass Sharia-based local regulations known as (?) focusing on moral enhancement
* Islamic legal principles
* 1999
* eraturan daerah, or “perda,”
108
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
The state court system, which possesses jurisdiction over criminal and civil law cases, has two additional tiers, starting with (?) at the district level and (?) at the provincial level
* state courts (pengadilan
negara)
* a court of appeals
109
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
TRUE OR FALSE:
Individual courts for administrative, tax, human rights, and labor disputes have been established so judges can specialize in a single field of law, but this innovation has also created institutional friction and jurisdictional disputes
TRUE THE FIRE
110
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
TRUE OR FALSE:
According to the World Bank’s Rule of Law indicator, Indonesia ranks seventh among the eleven countries considered, trailing even Vietnam and the Philippines
TRUE THE FIRE
111
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
This court established in 2003
quickly acquired a reputation as an independent, incorruptible, and efficient institution. Modeled after the (?) in structure and jurisdiction and after the German tradition of specialized judicial review, the court has (NO?) judges
* Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi, MK)
* South Korean Constitutional Court
* 9 judges
112
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
The Supreme Court, the DPR’s Committee III for Judicial Affairs, and a presidential commission each select (?) justices in Constitutional Court for a (?) year term that is renewable once
* three
* 5 year term
113
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
The Constitutional Court then elects a chief justice from their (?). After their appointment by the president, the justices cannot be recalled and hold their office until the (?) or until they reach the pension age of (?)
* ranks
* end of their term or until they reach the pension age of 65.
114
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
This court is responsible for the judicial review of parliamentary laws, the resolution of constitutional disputes among constitutionally mandated political institutions, election disputes and decisions over party bans, and the
admissibility of the presidential impeachment process
Constitutional Court
115
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
the Constitutional Court developed a strong reputation as a(?)
guardian of the constitutional order
116
# **LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM**
This court reviews all administrative regulations, executive orders, and court proceedings not under the review authority of the Constitutional
Court.
the Supreme
Court (Mahkamah Agung, MA)
117
118
# **ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND ELECTIONS**
Dutch introduced an indirectly elected (?)
with limited advisory powers in 1918, the first general election to the legislature
was held in (?)
* People’s Council (Volksraad)
* 1955
119
# **ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND ELECTION**
TRUE OR FALSE:
From 1971 onwards, the New Order regime had regular representative national elections for the DPR heavily manipulated in favor of Suharto’s Golkar party.
TRUE THE FIRE
120
121
# **ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND ELECTION**
Since 1999, there have been
(NO?) rounds of elections for the DPR, (NO?) elections to the DPD, and (?) direct presidential elections.
* 4 rounds
* 3 rounds
* 3 direct
122
# **ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND ELECTION**
The minimum voting age is (?) years; a (?) person can vote regardless of age,
whereas members of the (?) and (?) do not have the right to vote in elections
* 17
* married persons
* military and the police
123
# **ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND ELECTION**
Candidates for the presidency, DPR, DPD, and the regional parliaments requirements:
* have to be at least 21 years of age
* profess a religious belief, and
* possess a high school degree.
124
# **ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND ELECTION**
The election law requires that political parties must have (?) in at least (?) of all provinces and in (?) of the districts to nominate candidates for the DPR
* established party
offices
* three-fourths in provinces
* half for districts
125
# **ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND ELECTION**
This commission is responsible for
organizing elections at the national, provincial, municipal, and district level.
General Election Commission (KPU)
126
# **POLITICAL PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM**
The (?) is one of several factors that shaped the development of Indonesia’s post-authoritarian party system
electoral system
127
# **POLITICAL PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM**
the origins of some political parties can be traced to the political streams (?) that shaped the party system in the pre-Suharto period
politik aliran
128
# **POLITICAL PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM**
Herbert Feith’s categorization differentiates five aliran that
were represented by a political party, namely:
* Nationalists (Sukarno’s National Party
of Indonesia, PNI)
* Islam (NU and Masyumi)
* Javanese traditionalists (Partindo)
* social democrats (PSI)
* Communists
129
# **POLITICAL PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM**
Suharto’s New Order regime eliminated the PKI and forced the remaining Islamic parties to merge into the (?) whereas the PNI was merged with non-Islamic and nationalist parties into a new party called the (?)
* United Development Party (PPP)
* Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (Indonesian Democratic Party, PDI).
130
# **POLITICAL PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM**
In addition to these two parties,
(?) was the only other political party allowed to register. A (?) on all party activities at the local level gave Golkar an edge over the PNI and PPP as
the regime party was represented locally through government officials and Golkar’s
ostensibly nonpolitical member associations
* Suharto’s Golkar
* 1973 ban
131
# **POLITICAL PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM***
In 1986, (?) was established as the “single basis” (azas tunggal) for all parties and societal associations, further compressing the ideological spectrum
Pancasila
132
# **POLITICAL PARTY AND PARTY SYSTEM**
The party of (?) —the daughter of Indonesia’s first president,
Sukarno—which replaced the PDI
ndonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
(PDI-P) of Megawati Sukarnoputri
133
What are the three nationalist parties established or led by former military officers, such as:
* Democratic Party of former President Lt. Gen. Yudhoyono (SBY)
* Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra) of retired Lt. Gen. Prabowo, and
* Hanura Party (People’s Conscience Party) of former Gen. Wiranto.
134
# **STATE ADMINISTRATION**
Since 1979, Indonesia has had a deconcentrated administrative structure consisting of (4 STRUCTURE??)
provinces (provinsi), rural and urban districts (kabupaten and kota), subdistricts (kecamatan), and villages (desa).
135
# **STATE ADMINISTRATION**
TRUE OR FALSE:
Decentralization was not only meant to reduce regional tensions in Indonesia,
but also to increase Indonesia’s administrative capacity, the second major challenge to its stateness.
Today, the administration at both the national and subnational level still suffers from a mechanistic allocation of underqualified personnel
TRUE
135
# **STATE ADMINISTRATION**
One of the main reasons is a process called (?), that is, the proliferation of provinces and districts, which has precluded the development of economies of scale in the subnational units
"blossoming” (pemekaran)
136
# **STATE ADMINISTRATION**
Until 2004, district heads, mayors, and governors were (?) elected and since then are elected directly with a qualified majority of at least (?)
* elected indirectly
* 30% of the vote (pilkada).
