INDONESIA -Politics and Governance of SEA Flashcards
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
It is the world’s largest archipelagic state with more than 13,000 islands. It is the most populous (?) country in the world and
one of Southeast Asia’s ethnically most heterogeneous societies.
- The Republic of Indonesia
-Muslim-majority
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Describe the economy and democracy of India
largest economy
stable and well functioning
These two European countries were the first Europeans to arrive at the Indonesian archipelago in the sixteenth century
the Portuguese and Spanish
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
This company followed in 1595 and established its headquarters in (place?) in (date?). Through a series of military campaigns and agreements with local rulers, the VOC was able to gain access and eventually control over the (?) and (?) passing through western Indonesia.
- Dutch United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC)
- Batavia (Jakarta) in 1619.
-Eastern Indonesian Spice Islands and the sea lanes
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
After the dissolution of the VOC, this treaty established an area of control for the Dutch government that closely resembled the shape of modern Indonesia, even though Dutch control over vast parts of the archipelago remained (?)
- British-Dutch Treaty of 1824
- patchy and incomplete
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the 1830s, a new agricultural policy, the so-called (?) was introduced. This system forced villages to set aside a (?) of their arable land for the production of (?) that were to be delivered to the colonial authorities as land rent.
This approach was a great economic success for the colonial authorities and made local possessions much more lucrative, leading the Dutch to expand their area of control
- Cultivation System (cultuurstelsel)
- fifth of their arable land
- export crops
The process of effectively converting the East Indies into a unified colonial dependency took several decades before areas such as (4 AREAS?) were brought under Dutch control
Kalimantan (Borneo), the South Eastern Islands (Nusa Tenggara), Bali, and—in 1908—Aceh
A new liberal colonial program, decreed by (PERSON?) in 1901, was the impetus for the further expansion and intensification of Dutch rule.
Queen Wilhelmina
Under the so-called (?), the Netherlands provided financial assistance for the extension of health and education services and to stimulate the growth of the rural economy.
Ethical Policy
This elite formed the spearhead of (?), spread Bahasa Indonesia as a (?) throughout the archipelago, and became the nucleus of an emerging (?)
- organized nationalism
- lingua franca
- independence movement
It was during this time that the first mass organizations, including Islamic organizations such as the modernist (?), the traditionalist (?), and political parties like the (?) which became the (?) in 1924, were created.
- modernist Muhammadiyah (1912),
- traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama (NU, 1926)
- political parties like the Indies Social
Democratic Association (1914) which became the - Partei Komunis Indonesia (PKI)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Year when the Japanese invaded Indonesia (?), the colonial Dutch government was quickly swept away
January 1942
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
TRUE OR FALSE:
The collapse of Dutch rule in the East Indies provided a fertile environment for Indonesian nationalists.
TRUE THE FIRE
Despite increasingly repressive and exploitative Japanese rule, nationalist leaders such as (TWO LEADERS?) were able to trade support for political concessions. Two days after Japan’s official surrender on (DATE?), these two leaders proclaimed the sovereign (?)
- Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta
- August 15, 1945
- Republic of Indonesia
On (TWO PLACES?), a motley collection of Indonesian fighters took up a (?) campaign against returning Dutch troops trying to retake their colonial possessions.
- Java and Sumatra
- guerilla-style
After international criticism of the ruthless Dutch counter-insurgency campaign, the Netherlands finally accepted Indonesian independence on (?)
December 27, 1949.
TRUE OR FALSE:
The struggle for independence left Indonesia with a wide array of political forces, including the secular National Party of Indonesia (PNI) under Sukarno, the communist PKI, the traditionalist NU, the modernist Masyumi, and the military
(TNI/ABRI)
TRUE
After a series of short-lived (TYPE) governments, Indonesia’s first president (?) established himself as a charismatic leader.
- parliamentary
-Sukarno
Sukarno established the (TYPE) based on the doctrines of (TWO DOCTRINES) in 1957.
- authoritarian “Guided Democracy”
- corporatist “functional groups” and Pancasila”
TRUE OR FALSE:
Despite the army’s hostility, Sukarno strengthened his ties with the Communists and followed an increasingly consistent economic and local policy.
FALSE:
Despite the army’s hostility, Sukarno strengthened his ties with the Communists and followed an increasingly ERRATIC economic and FOREIGN policy.
On the night of September (?) to October (WITH YEAR?), tensions culminated when a group of (?) officers killed several members of the military leadership in a botched coup attempt
- September 30 to October 1, 1965
- left-leaning air force
In retaliation, Major General Suharto and several anticommunist groups orchestrated a violent campaign against (?) and (?), which quickly escalated. Between October 1965 and March 1966, more than (?) people were killed
- PKI and real or suspected Communists
- 500, 000 people died
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Once the PKI was eliminated as a political force, Sukarno was made to first transfer executive control to the new strongman, (?) and finally, on March 27, 1968, the presidency as well.
Suharto
He was an Indonesian military officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving President of Indonesia
Suharto
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
President Suharto transformed elements of Sukarno’s “Guided Democracy” into his (?) government. Next to the president and the bureaucracy, the military became part of the (?) providing regime security and helping control society through (?)
- “New Order” government
- “New Order Pyramid”
- surveillance and coercion
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
TRUE OR FALSE:
Suharto slowly shifted this influence toward individual military officers loyal to people over the next three decades, transforming his “New Order” regime from military domination to democratic rule
FALSE:
Suharto slowly shifted this influence toward individual military officers loyal to HIMSELF over the next three decades, transforming his “New Order” regime from military domination to PERSONALISTIC AUTHORITARIAN rule
This was created as a joint vehicle for military and bureaucratic political domination. However, because Suharto fostered the gradual civilianization of this, by the 1990s, the (?) institution was no longer able to influence politics without Suharto’s backing.
- Golkar
- military-institution
Suharto also managed to restore the fledgling economy and created stable growth through a combination of (?) and (?)
liberal reforms and nationalist development
planning
The resulting system of (CCN/KKN?) proved
flawed when Indonesia’s economy collapsed following the Asian Financial Crisis and a severe (?) in 1997, as Suharto was unwilling to alienate his patronage network by implementing the necessary reforms.
- Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism (Korrupsi, Kollusi, Nepotisme, KKN)
- drought
When mass protests against the regime erupted across the country, soft-liners in the military and Golkar leadership pushed Suharto to step down in favor of his (POSITION?), (NAME ?) on May 21, 1998
vice president, Bahruddin Yusuf
Habibie,
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Under Habibie and his democratically elected successor (?), Indonesia entered into (?) , the era of democratization.
- Abdurrahman Wahid
- ## reformasi
TRUE OR FALSE:
In the first years after the transition from dictatorship to democracy, Indonesia experienced several political crises. The country was rocked by a series of violent communal conflicts and challenged by an outburst of Islamic terrorism.
TRUE THE FIRE
The new democracy survived the (?) and (?) are widely accepted as the only legitimate means of gaining government power. The country successfully passed the (?) meaning that an incumbent party was voted out of office twice, leading to peaceful transfers of power in 2004 and 2014.
- impeachment of President Wahid in 2001,
- free and fair elections
- two turnover test,”
Democracy in Indonesia is not fully consolidated yet. Four major challenges remain.
- The first one relates to the (?) as the main mode of integrating potential spoilers of the old autocratic regime coalition into the new democratic system
- A second challenge, related to the first, concerns the (?) which block comprehensive structural reforms, undermine regulatory efforts of the state, and weaken democratic accountability.
- Indonesia’s democracy has not yet overcome the (?)
- Fourth, although Indonesia’s achievements with regard to press freedoms, political rights, labor rights, and women’s rights have been far-reaching and impressive, it still suffers serious shortcomings when it comes to the protection of religious
-unintended consequences of elite settlement and elite cooperation
- anemic quality of the rule of law, endemic corruption in politics and the state, and the still low capacity of the Indonesian state.
- nation’s manifold problems relating to social and economic justice.
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY
In anticipation of the Japanese defeat, the nation’s first constitution was drafted as a very short (?) in 1945. Its preamble stressed the need for a (?) and established the (?) doctrine as a normative principle for all government action: belief in one god, a just and civilized humanity, the unity of Indonesia, democracy guided by wisdom and deliberation by representatives of the people, and the achievement of social justice
for all the people of Indonesia.
- “Basic Law” in April 1945 (Undang-undang dasar 1945, UUD 1945).
- unitary republic and established the Pancasila doctrine
A conference in December 1949 ended the (NO OF YEAR?) year conflict between the Netherlands and the Republic over the control of Indonesia, but the Dutch government formally transferred sovereignty to the (?) (Republik Indonesia Serikat, RIS), instead of the existing Republic of Indonesia. This meant the existing constitution was abandoned in favor of a new (?) constitution
- Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference
- 4 year conflict
- Republic of the United States of Indonesia
- federal constitution
This refers to the Constitution of the United States of Indonesia.
Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Serikat,
TRUE OR FALSE:
The Indonesian side suspected that the Dutch had proposed a federal solution to strengthen the new state
FALSE:
The Indonesian side suspected that the Dutch had proposed a federal solution to WEAKEN the new state
KRIS was quickly replaced with a new law known as (?) in 1950. Although this constitution abolished federalism in favor of a (?), it also adopted a list of basic rights from the KRIS
- Provisional Basic Law or Undang-undang
Dasar Sementara - unitary republic
A (?) elected in 1955 to draft a permanent constitution failed primarily over the role of (?) in the constitution
- Constituent Assembly
- Islam
Sukarno used the failure of the new drafted constitution as a pretext to decree a return to the (?), which stipulated a strong president indirectly elected by the (?)
- original constitution of 1945
- People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR).
TRUE OR FALSE:
The vague nature of the UUD 1945 allowed Sukarno, and later Suharto, to rule largely on the basis of presidential and MPR decrees
TRUE THE FIRE
After Suharto resigned in May 1998, constitution builders chose to revise the 1945 Constitution that had been in force from (?) and again from (?).
- 1945 to 1949
- 1959 to 1998
The decision to revise the existing constitution rather than redraft a new constitution altogether was based on a (?), who wanted to (?) that arose in the 1955 Constituent Assembly over religious issues.
- compromise between political parties
- avoid the deadlock
Over the course of (?) years, the MPR prepared and adopted (?) amendments to the 1945 Constitution. Consequently, the substance of every chapter in the constitution except the chapter on religion was amended
- 3 years
- 4 amendments
The constitution is preceded by a (?), which incorporates the (?) philosophy and the idea of a (?).
- preamble
- Pancasila
- unitary state
As a response to the repressive policies of the Suharto regime, the constitution now has a (?) and extensive (?) Yet it still lacks certain basic rights such as the right (?) and a reference to the (?). In addition, basic rights can be suspended or curtailed for (?) or to (?)
- bill of rights and extensive provisions for the rule of law.
- right not to confess a faith (negative freedom of religion) and a reference to the principle of equality between men and women.
- security reasons or to protect religious sensitivities
Other major amendments introduced (?) (Art. 6A) and more detailed regulations on (?)
- direct popular elections for the presidency
- presidential legislative powers.
They have the authority to amend and enact the constitution.
MPR
Amendments in Constitution may be initiated by a (?) and can be enacted by (?). However, Article (?) of the constitution stipulates that the unitary character of the state must not be changed.
- third of the members of the MPR and can be enacted by a majority of the House.
- Art. 37
TRUE OR FALSE:
Once the MPR ratified the sum of all constitutional amendments in 2003, the constitutional reform process was considered complete
TRUE THE FIRE!
Order of Indonesia Constitution
- Basic Law of 1945 / UDD 1945 (UNITARY)
- Constitution of United Stated of Indonesia / KRIS (FEDERAL)
- Provisional Basic Law of 1950 / UUDS (Sementara) (UNITARY with KRIS basic rights)
- 1945 Basic Law with Amendments (UNITARY with Bill of Rights and extensive rule of law)
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
What is the type of government of Indonesia?
unitary state in the form of a republic” (Art. 1,1 UUD45) with a presidential system of government.
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
The legislature is comprised of two houses such as (?) but legislative power mainly rests with the (?).
- People’s Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR)
- Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD)
- DPR
