EAST TIMOR - Politics of Southeast Asia Flashcards by camille palapal

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

This country is the newest state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern part of the island of Timor and the enclave Oecusse, which is surrounded by Indonesian West Timor on three sides.

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

It is one of the (?) countries in the region and one of the world’s (?) countries with an extremely young population of 1.2 million people in 2015—according to the latest census figure

least developed
smallest

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The first Europeans to arrive on the island of Timor in the early sixteenth century. Upon their arrival, the east of Timor was divided into a “(?) of (?) with languages and cultures vastly different from those of its neighbours to the west”

Portuguese
loose collection of independent kingdoms

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The reason why Dutch and Portugal conquered Timor leste is to sought the fabled (?). In 1613, the Dutch gained control of the (what part?) of Timor but the (?) half of the island remained under Portuguese control later known as (?).

Spice Islands of Maluku
western part
eastern
Portuguese Timor

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

A definitive border between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of the island was established by the (?) , and the division was formalized earlier in the (?) in 1859. Notably, the border established between the Dutch and Portuguese parts of Timor remains the international boundary between their successor states, Indonesia and Timor-Leste

Permanent Court of Arbitration in 1914
Treaty of Lisbon of 1859

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Although Dominican friars and merchants from Portugal established (?) and (?) in the 1550s. Portuguese influence in the region remained (?) during this period. They also struggled to cooperate with local Timorese rulers, compounded by competition with the Dutch.

trading posts and mission stations
limited

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

it was not until the 1700s that a governor was installed in (?) a government and claimed authority over the (?) of the island

Dili
eastern half

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Only when Portuguese Timor became an autonomous colony in (?) was a unified territorial administration with a particularly repressive form of direct rule established

1896

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The western half was the dominion of the (?) and has belonged to (?) since 1949.

Dutch East India Company
Indonesia

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

This policy in the 1960s gave locals access to posts in the civil and military administration, yet this policy primarily benefited the (?) while the majority of the population retained traditional Timorese customs, beliefs, and languages

“Timorization”
Lusophone elite

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

This revolution in Portugal in April 1974 triggered a wave of political mobilization in Portuguese-Timor. The
revolution initiated the decolonization of Portugal’s overseas territories, including East Timor, as the new government sought to dismantle its colonial empire. Several political parties were founded, including the left-wing nationalist (?), the conservative, pro-Portuguese (?) and the pro-Indonesian (?)

“Carnation Revolution”
Frente Revolucionaria do Timor-Leste Independente (FRETILIN)
Timorese Democratic Union (UDT)
Timorese Popular Democratic Association (APODETI)

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Tensions between FRETILIN AND UDT escalated,
culminating in a brief (?) in 1975, triggered by (?). FRETILIN ultimately prevailed and declared East Timor’s unilateral independence on (date?)

civil war
UDT’s attempted coup
November 28, 1975

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Indonesian government invaded East Timor in (?). Following the adoption of a petition for annexation by a handpicked Timorese assembly, Timor-Leste was integrated into Indonesia as its (?). This marked the beginning of Indonesia’s (no of yrs?)
occupation of the territory.

December 1975
27th province
24 years

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

It must be noted that Indonesian occupation followed a strategy called (?). It combine accelerated (?) initiatives with brutal (?) of the Timorese population.

two-pronged strategy,”
economic and social development initiatives
brutal repression

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

This once viewed as a tool of colonial oppression, transformed into a symbol of cultural identity and faith-based resistance against Indonesian assimilation

Catholic Church

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

TRUE OR FALSE:

The United Nations (UN) never recognized the annexation of Timor-Leste. Despite Indonesia’s control, the UN maintained that East Timor was still under Portuguese administration, as Portugal had not formally transferred sovereignty

TRUE THE FIRE

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

These exiled leaders, often referred to as (?) played a crucial role in advocating for East Timor’s independence on the international diplomatic front.

“cadres-in-exile”

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

An Indonesia president who agreed to hold a popular referendum over the future of the province. The referendum was organized under auspices of the UN on (?) during which 78.5% of voters rejected the Indonesian offer of autonomy, effectively voting for independence

Interim President B.J. Habibie
August 30, 1999

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The pro-Indonesian militias launched (?), a violent campaign of targeted killings against political activists and voters across the island due to the result of referendum. Between 1,500 and 3,000 Timorese were killed, and the majority of the population was either displaced or forcibly relocated to West Timor, leading to a severe humanitarian crisis.

“Operation Clean Sweep”

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In response to the escalating violence and growing international outrage, the United Nations authorized the formation of an international peacekeeping force known as the (?)

International Force for East Timor (INTERFET)

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In October 1999, the (?) was established. It took full control of the government and quickly shifted from peace enforcement to building the basic state structure.

UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Timor-Leste embarked on its democratic journey in (?) with the election of a constitutional assembly, which culminated in the adoption of a constitution in (?)

August 2001
April 2002

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

April 2002, Timor-Leste conducted its inaugural presidential election, resulting in a decisive victory for (?), a highly respected figure from the independence movement, who became the nation’s first president.

Xanana Gusmão

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The country achieved official independence on (?), when the United Nations transferred authority to its newly established institutions.

May 20, 2002

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# **HISTORICAL BACKGROUND** In August 2006, severe unrest erupted in Dili due to conflicts within the army and police. Thousands of soldiers deserted, leading to widespread violence and chaos. As such, President Xanana Gusmão called for international intervention, prompting the UN to deploy the (?) and (?) to restore order.

International Stabilization Force (ISF) and the UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)

# **HISTORICAL BACKGROUND** Timor Leste suffer from young population, marked by a (?)0 and a significant (?) particularly among males aged 15 to 24, the country struggles to create sufficient job opportunities for its youth

- high birthrate and youth bulge

# **CONSTITUTION** The constitution of Timor-Leste was drafted by an elected (?) and enacted without a referendum on May 20, 2002.

Constitutional Assembly

# **CONSTITUTION** The Constitution is consists of a (?) and (no?) parts with (no?) sections overall and has not been amended since its promulgation.

preamble and seven parts with 170 sections

# **CONSTITUTION** Part of the constitution that invokes the historical struggle of the Timorese people for independence and affirms the contribution of FRETILIN, CNRT, and the Catholic Church.

preamble

# **CONSTITUTION** The constitution defines Timor-Leste as a ( 4 types) based on the rule of law, popular will and respect for the dignity of the human person

republican, democratic, sovereign, independent and unitary state

# **CONSTITUTION** Part of constitution that concerns fundamental state organization and important regulations on citizenship, the relationship between state and religious communities, as well as the status of (2 languages?) as the official languages

- Part I - Portuguese and Tetum

# **CONSTITUTION** Part of the Constitution that enumerates a catalogue of basic rights, civil liberties, as well as economic, social, and cultural rights.

Part II

# **CONSTITUTION** Part of the Constitution that determines the structure and operating principles of constitutional bodies, including the president, Council of State, National Parliament, Government, and the courts This part also covers elections and referenda, the role of political parties, and the general principles of public administration.

Part III

# **CONSTITUTION** Part of the Constitution that comprises constitutional rules governing the economic system, public finances, and the tax system.

Part IV

# **CONSTITUTION** Part of the Constitution that deals with national defense, the armed forces, and the national police

Part V

# **CONSTITUTION** The provisions in (part?) concern judicial review as well as constitutional amendments.

Part VI

# **CONSTITUTION** The final part contains transitional and closing regulations, including an important section on national reconciliation (Section 160–162), the organization of the court system. etc

Part VII

# **CONSTITUTION** The (?) in April 2001 marked the beginning of the constitutional drafting process and considered a turning point for the country’s democracy. This two parties (?) controlled two-thirds of the seats in the Constitutional Assembly

- elections to the Constitutional Assembly - FRETILIN, together with its ally, the Social Democratic Association of Timor (ASDT), -

# **CONSTITUTION** Two key factors shaped the outcome of constitutional deliberations.

- First, the delegates took inspiration from the Portuguese constitution, including the choice of a semi-presidential system of governance and the division of legislative power among government and parliament - Second, against the backdrop of widespread criticism from opposition parties, UNTAET, and civil society activists, and anticipating the possibility of a non-FRETILIN candidate winning the upcoming presidential election, FRETILIN pushed for a strong position of government and parliament vis-a`-vis the president, opposed popular approval of the draft by referendum, and favored the transformation of the incumbent constitutional assembly into a regular parliament.

# **CONSTITUTION** How many votes for a Constitutional Amendments?

2/3 majority vote of the National Assembly

# **ELECTIONS** The first and only local elections in Portuguese Timor took place in (?). These elections were considered to be the most democratic ones until 2001.

March 1975

# **ELECTION** the Indonesian government kept a tight rein over elections, and only President Suharto’s (?) and two “official” opposition parties (?) were allowed to campaign.

* Golkar party * PPP and PDI (Indonesian Democratic Party)

# **ELECTIONS** The president is chosen directly by the electorate for a (?). If re-elected, the president may serve a maximum of (no of terms and total yrs)

* 5 year term * two terms, totaling ten years.

# **ELECTIONS** President qualifications: * (age) * (Must acquire ? signatures from eligible voters, with at least ? signatures from each of Timor-Leste’s 13 districts.)

* Presidential candidates must be at least 35 years old * 5,000 signatures from eligible voters * with at least 100 signatures from each of Timor-Leste’s 13 districts.

# **ELECTIONS** The president is elected using (?) system. Should no candidate gain over half of the total valid votes after the first ballot, (?) between the two candidates with the highest number of votes in the first round is held.

- two round system - a runoff

# **ELECTIONS** Timor-Leste implemented a (?) electoral system to facilitate the election of its members of parliament (MPs). This system combined both (?) and (?) methods.

* mixed electoral system * plurality and proportional representation

# **ELECTION** The 13 MPs were elected through a (?) which operated in 13 single-member districts while 75 MPS was elected through a (?) system

* plurality system * proportional representation (PR)

# **ELECTION** To ensure inclusivity and representation, this method is applied to allocate seats among parties and coalitions that receive at least 3% of the total valid votes, as stipulated in the latest regulations

D'Hondt

# **ELECTION** Political parties or coalitions must also submit party lists to the National Electoral Commission (CNE), with a crucial requirement that at least (?) of candidates on each party list must be (?). As a result, out of the 65 members of the National Parliament, (no) are (gender)

- one-thirds - women. - 26 are women

# **ELECTION** The current electoral framework consists of (?) MPs elected entirely through the (?) system in one national district

* 65 * PR system

# **ELECTION** Members of the National Parliament serve a term of (?) which is divided into (?) legsilative session

* five years * five 12-month legislative sessions

# **ELECTION** Who is qualified to be a candidate?

* Citizens of Timor-Leste, 17 years or older, and included on the voter register. ● Citizens who hold certain positions—such as judicial officers, civil servants, defense and police force members, ministers of religion, diplomats, and members of the National Election Commission—are disqualified from candidacy. ● All candidates must be included on the candidate list of a political party or coalition. ● A candidate may not be included on more than one candidate list.

# **ELECTIONS** It is an independent and financially, administratively, and organizationally autonomous agency and monitors the election process. They are responsible for automatically registering voters, making it easier for citizens to participate in elections

National Election Commission (CNE)

# **ELECTIONS** It is a government agency that implements the directions given by CNE. It handles the administrative side of elections, making sure they run smoothly

STAE (Technical Secretariat for Electoral Administration)

# **ELECTION** Citizens of Timor-Leste aged (?) can register to vote but must be at least (?) on Election Day to be eligible

16 can register to vote but must be at least 17

# **ELECTION FUNDING** This is currently taking place in Timor-Leste, characterized by a distinctive system where each party list receives USD (amount?), joint lists (alliances between parties) are allocated USD (?) and Presidential candidates are granted USD (?). In the event of a runoff, these candidates receive an extra USD (?)

- Election funding - 35,000 USD - 45,000 - 10,000 - 10,000

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** Timor-Leste has a (?) constitution with a popularly elected fixed term (three people) who are politically accountable to parliament.

* semi-presidential * president and a prime minister and cabinet (Council of Ministers)

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** Legislative power rests with the (?), and these (three?) share executive power

* National Parliament * government, president, and prime minister

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** The (?) is head of state, guardian of national independence and unity, as well as supreme commander of the National Defence Force but the (?) holds actual command authority. He or she is popularly elected in (? system) with absolute majority for a fixed term of (?) and (?) once.

- President - minister of defence - two-round system - 5-year term that is renewable once

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** The president can be impeached by the (?) for crimes committed in office or for “clear and serious violations of his or her constitutional obligations”. The motion to impeach can be initiated by a (?) and sustained by (?)

* Supreme Court of Justice * fifth of the members of parliament and sustained by a two-thirds majority

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** TRUE OR FALSE The president is not part of the cabinet but wields considerable executive and governmental powers.

TRUE THE FIRE

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** The president appoints the prime minister upon a (?).

proposal of the majority party or a majority coalition in the National Parliament

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** TRUE OR FALSE The president can only dismiss the prime minister and the Council of Ministers after the government has lost the support of parliament, or if it is necessary to “ensure the regular functioning of democratic institutions”

TRUE THE FIRE

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PRIME MINISTER** Prime minister and Council of ministers can aslo be dismissed after the National Parliament has rejected the government’s program for (?), a (?) is not passed by parliament, or a (?) is passed by an absolute majority of the members of the legislature

* two consecutive times * a vote of confidence is not passed * a vote of no confidence is passed by an absolute majority of the members of the legislature

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** The president appoints and dismisses the cabinet ministers and the chief of staff of the Defence Force upon proposal of the (?)

prime minister

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** TRUE OR FALSE: The president has no authority to initiate the preventive or abstract judicial review of legislation, possesses legislative veto powers, and can initiate popular referenda. He holds the right of amnesty and can impose a state of war without the authorization of the parliament.

FALSE The president has EXCLUSIVE authority to initiate the preventive or abstract judicial review of legislation, possesses legislative veto powers, and can initiate popular referenda. . He holds the right of PARDON and can impose a state of EMERGENCY when AUTHORIZED by parliament.

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** The National Parliament can overturn a presidential veto by either an (?) of its members or by (?) concerning statutes on matters which comprises many different policy areas and constitutional matters

absolute majority of its members or by a majority of two-thirds

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** The president also presides over meetings of the (?), an inter-institutional deliberative body, and the (?), council which advises the president in matters of national defense as well as the appointment of the armed forces chief of staff.

* Council of State * Superior Council for Defence and Security

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT** The president has to dissolve parliament after consultation with the parliamentary groups and the Council of State if parliament fails to elect a government after more than (no of days?) or turn down the (?)

* 60 days * turns down the national budget

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PRIME MINISTER** The (?) and the (?) also possess executive power. The former is head of government, directs the actions of the Council of Ministers, sets out the essential political guidelines, and ensures the coordination of government actions and the public administration

prime minister and the Council of Ministers -

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PRIME MINISTER** Statutes other than those approved under the exclusive legislative powers of the government may be submitted to the (?) for (?), whereas bills and draft resolutions approved by parliament need approval by the (?)

* National Parliament for appraisal * Council of Ministers

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PARLIAMENT** Timor-Leste has a (?) legislature (Parlamento Nacional de Timor-Leste, Parlamentu Nasional). The (no?) members of the National Parliament are elected through a (?) for a term of (?).

* unicameral * 65 * proportional representation system 5-year term

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PARLIAMENT** Parliament can petition and interpellate members of the Council of Ministers and can appoint a (?) at the request of at least (no of members?).

commission of inquiry at the request of at least 10 members.

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PARLIAMENT** Parliamentary affairs are coordinated by parliament’s (?) under the leadership of the (?). Legislative work is conducted in (?), which are usually chaired by members of the (?) or the political parties that form the (?)

* executive committee * speaker of the National Parliament * seven standing committees * majority party * majority coalition

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PARLIAMENT** TRUE OR FALSE Responsibility for law-making is shared between government and parliament: Both can propose laws, but certain political matters are reserved for parliament , and government sponsored laws as well as laws sponsored by parliament need to be approved by parliament.

TRUE THE FIRE

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PARLIAMENT** TRUE OR FALSE Parliament can authorize the government to make decree-laws, which require the approval of parliament.

Parliament can authorize the government to make decree-laws, which DO NOT require the approval of parliament.

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PARLIAMENT** Constitutional amendments and the national budget can only be passed by parliament with a (?) respectively

two-thirds or absolute majority

# **SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: PARLIAMENT** The National Parliament is therefore often considered a (?) an assessment supported by the statistics on the number of parliamentary laws

“sleepy parliament"

# **JUDICIARY** Timor-Leste’s legal system is based on the (?) and (?). While the sources of formal law include (5 sources?)

* Roman civil law and traditional law (adat and lisan). * Indonesian occupation law, UNTAET regulations, the constitution, as well as legislation and regulations enacted since 2002

# **JUDICIARY** This law is dispensed by local officials, village elders (lian nain), and other notables is prevalent in rural areas

Customary law

# **JUDICIARY** The (?) holds the power of appointment, administrative oversight, and disciplinary authority. It is led ex officio by the (?)

* Superior Council for the Judiciary * president of the Supreme Court*

# **JUDICIARY** This court are the court of first instance for civil, social, and criminal cases, while members of the armed forces are tried in (?) for criminal offenses and a designated (?) provides the next instance

* District courts * military courts * appellate court

# **JUDICIARY** The constitution stipulates the creation of administrative and tax courts led by (?) which serves as a general accounting office

a High Administrative, Tax and Audit Court

# **JUDICIARY** This court serves as the country’s highest court with the authority of constitutional review. It has a (no?) of members where the (?) justices are elected by the Superior Council for the Judiciary and (?) by the National Parliament for a renewable (no?) term

* Court of Appeal * 3 members * Two * One * 4 years

# **JUDICIARY** TRUE OR FALSE Court of Appeals can ban political parties and sits in judgement over the president during an impeachment trial

CONSTITUTIONAL COURT can ban political parties and sits in judgement over the president during an impeachment trial

# **JUDICIARY** Key problems and challenges for a working judicial system in TimorLeste concern a (?) and (?) to the formal judicial system.

lack of capacity and marginal accessibility

# **JUDICIARY** Currently, there are courts in only (?) of the 13 districts. Due to this lack of capacity and functional weaknesses, citizens are increasingly turning to (?) mechanism

* 4 courts * informal dispute resolution mechanism.

# **JUDICIARY** A major issue in Timor-Leste’s judiciary is the (?). Low prosecution rates, a large backlog of unresolved cases, and political interference in sensitive cases have contributed to a culture of impunity.

weak rule of law

# **MECHANISMS OF ACCOUNTABILITY** It is is the National Human Rights Institution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. It acts as an ombudsman, handling complaints against public administration, safeguarding human rights, and investigating allegations of maladministration.

Provedor for Human Rights and Justice (PDHJ)

# **MECHANISMS OF ACCOUNTABILITY** It Investigate reports of corruption involving public officials, government contracts, and private sector dealings that affect public interest. It examines cases of bribery, embezzlement, abuse of power, and other corrupt practices.

Anti-Corruption Commission (CAC)

# **MECHANISMS OF ACCOUNTABILITY** This court is responsible for overseeing the financial management of the state. It conducts audits of public finances, ensuring that government expenditures are lawful, transparent, and properly accounted for.

Court of Auditors

# **MECHANISMS OF ACCOUNTABILITY** Key entity of Court of Auditors that is responsible for conducting audits and investigations into government financial activities.

The Audit Chamber

# **POLITICAL PARTIES** Under the authoritarian (?), the (?) was the only legal political party in Portugal and all Portuguese overseas territories.

* Estado Novo * National Union

# **POLITICAL PARTIES** This party is a vanguard movement that interprets the most profound aspirations of the people of East Timor to be free from political, cultural, and economic colonization and other forms of domination and exploitation from Portugal in 1974, and later from Indonesia

Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor (FRETILIN)

# **POLITICAL PARTIES** FRETILIN adhere to (?) principles, it has since moderated its stance while maintaining a focus on nationalism, socialism, and anti-imperialism.

Marxist-Leninist

# **POLITICAL PARTIES** FRETILIN’s electoral strongholds are mostly in the eastern districts (Loro Sae), where the population—since Portuguese rule referred to as (?)—claim to have suffered more under the occupation than the (?) in the western districts (Loro Munu).

* Firaku (“easterners”) * Kaladi (“westerners”)

# **POLITICAL PARTIES** ADD INFO While the conflict between the western Loro Muno districts and the eastern Loro Sae has a historical dimension, its political salience is considered a new phenomenon. It is mainly caused by the failure to deal with the political and sociocultural legacies of the occupation as well as the politicization and instrumentalization of regional resentments by political parties and party leaders

# **POLITICAL PARTIES** This party represent key centrist forces in East Timor's political landscape seeking to balance between left-wing and right-wing ideologies

Democratic Party (PD)

# **POLITICAL PARTIES** As a center-left party, this party promotes social democratic policies, likely emphasizing a mix of market economics with strong social welfare programs

Social Democratic Party (PSD)

# **POLITICAL PARTY** initially advocated for gradual independence from Portugal and briefly merged with FRETILIN in 1975 before re-emerging as a separate entity with a center-left orientation.

Timorese Social Democratic Association (ASDT)

# **POLITICAL PARTY** One of the oldest parties that was founded in 1974. It initially supported gradual autonomy and federation with Portugal, representing a more conservative approach to East Timor's future.

Timorese Democratic Union (UDT)

# **POLITICAL PARTY** In contrast to some other party systems in Southeast Asia, political parties in Timor-Leste are not just organizational shells for the political ambitions of individual politicians, and their role in politics is not limited to the recruitment of political personnel. Most political parties—with the exception of FRETILIN— remain weakly (?) and lack a (?)

* weakly institutionalized and lack a strong organizational base

# **POLITICAL PARTY** This party represents a new wave in East Timorese politics, emerging in 2011 as a fresh voice in the country's political landscape. As a populist party, it has positioned itself as an advocate for the people, particularly focusing on issues that resonate with the younger generation.

KHUNTO

# **STATE ADMINISTRATION** The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste is a (?) state

unitary and decentralized state.

# **STATE ADMINISTRATION** At the national level, the central government is based in (?). It consists of three main components such as: (?)

* the capital city, Dili * the President, Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers

# **STATE ADMINISTRATION**``` TRUE OR FALSE Except for the western enclave of Oecusse and the island Atauro, state administration is uniformly organized across the country.

TRUE THE FIRE

# **STATE ADMINISTRATION** (?) districts (?) subdistricts (?) townships (suco) (?) villages or neighborhoods

* 13 * 67 * 442 * 2225

# **STATE ADMINISTRATION** The (?) and (?) administrations are appointed by the national government and act under instructions from the government and are responsible to the (?)

* heads of the district and subdistrict * Ministry for State Administration.

# **STATE ADMINISTRATION** Local councils have (?) to (?) members and include the (?), (?) elected representatives for (? and ?), (?) , and a nonelected (?) as well as (?). Members of the local councils are not (?) but receive allowances

* 9-19 * Chefes de Aldeia, two elected representatives for women and youths, a village elder, and a nonelected local dignitary as well as council chiefs * public servants

# **STATE ADMINISTRATION** The (year?) decentralization law leaves little room or creative leeway for the local administrations to take the specific situation of the districts into account

2009 decentralization

# **STATE ADMINISTRATION** TRUE OR FALSE The subnational units receive their budget directly from the central government and are authorized to raise their own revenue

The subnational units receive their budget directly from the central government and are NOT authorized to raise their own revenue

# **CIVIL MILITARY** In the 2000s, Timor-Leste’s security sector has suffered particularly from the conflicts between the east and the west of the country. The security sector comprises three services: (?)

military, the national police, and the national intelligence service

# **CIVIL MILITARY** Parliamentary oversight over the security sector is exercised by the (?) and government activities in internal security are coordinated by the (?) who is assisted by an (?)

* Committee for Defence and Security * prime minister * interdepartmental security committee

# **CIVIL MILITARY** The (?) is responsible for defending the country against external threat

Timorese Defence Force

# **CIVIL SOCIETY** Despite its small size, Timor-Leste is an ethnically and culturally (?) society

heterogeneous society

# **CIVIL SOCIETY** TRUE OR FALSE Timor-Leste is one of only four countries in Southeast Asia not included in either the World Values Survey or the Asian Barometer Survey.

TRUE THE FIRE

# **CIVIL SOCIETY** RUE OR FALSE Timorese had interest in political participation and strong belief in the efficacy of individual political action. Elections in Timor-Leste produce robust voter turnout, but beyond that, more conventional political participation in political organizations or civic associations is largely restricted to certain segments of society, such as the young and better-educated

TRUE THE FIRE

# **CIVIL SOCIETY** an umbrella organization of a few human rights and advocacy groups, could legally operate in the province.

Timor-Leste NGO-Forum (FONGTIL)

# **CIVIL SOCIETY** They are two key pillars of civil society in Timor-Leste. (?) tend to work on broader national and international issues like human rights, women's empowerment, and environmental protection, while (?) are smaller and more locally rooted, focusing on immediate community needs.

* Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) * NGOs * CBOs

# **OUTLOOK** Democracy in Timor Leste has been surprisingly (?). So far, the Timorese political system has not become overly (? and ?), and the state—with international assistance—has avoided near collapse despite polarization between the east and west.

* reesilient * fragmented and polarized

# **OUTLOOK** Most of the political crises during the last decade resulted from (?), and as such, the fact that all four parties in parliament formed a (?) can be considered a sign of successful political learning.

* elite conflict * coalition government in 2015

# **OUTLOOK** ADD INFO: East Timor’s stateness will likely remain diminished and its democracy unconsolidated as the international community and the Timorese continue in their state- and democracy-building efforts.