Indonesia NU

Question 1

Indonesia ideological policy

Answer 1

Pancasila (Accommodative); National ideology that encompasses ethnic and religious pluralism, had principles that were vaguely shared amongst all ethnic groups and religions. Acted as a strong unifying force that transcended ethnic and religious differences
However:
Opposed by Santri Muslims (majority) due to desire for political role of Islam (suppressed by military force)
Under Suharto: Changed to Islamisation (Assimilation) which led to break out of religious conflict due to displacement of Christians

Question 2

Indonesia Lang Policy

Answer 2

Bahasa Indonesia (Accommodative): Adoption of minority Bahasa language over Java majority language due to convenience and greater accessibility. Seen as accommodative as not just aligning with majority identity

Question 3

Indonesia Political NU Policies

Answer 3

Depoliticisation of ethnicity and religion, parties formed along ideological lines and not ethnic or religious ones. Participation in politics along ideological lines rather than ethnic ones showed greater thinking in terms of nation state instead of ethnic group

Question 4

Indonesia transmigration

Answer 4

Transmigrasi; designed to increase contact between ethnic groups by migrating central island Javanese to Outer Islands like Irian Jaya and Aceh
However led to changed balance of ethnic make up and led to displacement of locals by Javanese in jobs, increased racial tensions and actually led to increased cases of racial violence by the 1990s

Question 5

Indonesia Educational Policies

Answer 5

Standardised version of history called “History of National struggle” in 1985
Compulsory subject in all schools which focused on key themes of Pancasila and the 1945 Cons.
United people in ideological nationalist symbols, struggle against the Dutch

However due to use of force against the Acehnese, they instead linked Dutch and Javanese Colonialism due to sense of oppression

Question 6

Indonesia Minorities

Answer 6

Kalimantan Dayaks: Under New Order seen as backwards and second class citizens, lost almost all representation and access to the government.

Chinese: Under Guided Democracy were heavily discriminated against, closed majority of Chinese schools in 1959-1960 and banned Chinese newspapers
Under New Order all Chinese organisations were dissolved, but economically they caused inequity; 3% of population controlled 70% assets.

East Timor, Irian Jaya and Aceh: Military repression constantly used to brutally surprises minorities, regular launching of many military campaigns. Also economically exploited these islands without allowing it to trickle back down to them.

Led to the formation of secession groups; East Timor voted to leave, and Irian Jaya formed the OPM movement, Aceh formed the free Aceh movement GAM